7/9

• age
• gender
• socio-economic class
• ethnic affiliation  

• slang- not really a linguistic term: used to talk about informal language
• evanescent: comes into appearance and the recedes.
• “pwnd”
• tends not to result in permanent change to the language
• some youth slang becomes more permanent ex-“cool”

• men and women use language different
• cultural construct
• “flowery” adjectives in English- gorgeous, beautiful: used more often by females
• Japanese: Ø I- watashi (unmarked)Ø I- boku (male)Ø I- atashi (female)
• Koasati: had such different gender dialects that it was thought there was two different languages

• Labov’s /r/ study
• in NY people pronounced r differently
• Saying the phrase:  Fourth Floor (the r’s would be there sometimes and dropped other times)
• post-vocalic r:  end of the work or after a vowel
• Visited different Stores:  Saks 5th Avenue, Macy’s, S. Kleino   “r” was pronounced at Saks (high class)
•   Macy’s has the most variation in the middle class 
• Middle class shows the changes in language

•  It is about affiliation and the historical study. 
• It is not absolute.
• Most important now in a 2012 context in America
• Fixin’ to ~finna
• LabovØ He be playin’ basketball ~ He playin’ basketball
• Probably will continue to be the most significant organizing parameter of sociolectal variation for the next several years along with socio-Economic class and political ideology

at a single time

• Across time
• Diachronic does not mean historical

language is always changing and there are so many things that only become obvious because we are studying the changes

• productivity
• coinage
• acronyms/initializations
• clipping
• blending
• borrowing
• functional shift
• derivation
• compounding
• semantic shift        

• new words all the time
• lexicon is changing and accpeted but not usually accepting of grammatical changes 

• (ex nihilo)do words really come out of nothing? No
• Kleenex
• Q-tip 

• is actually pronounced as a word by putting the sounds together
• Scuba

• say the first letters
• FDA

• cut off the words and use part
• us- usual
• fab-fabulous  

• putting two parts of words together
• Blo-No 
• spork

• using one part of speech as another part of speech without any morphological trappings (without doing anything)
• ex- xerox (I can use the xerox machine.  Go xerox this for me.)

• loan words: use words from another language and in turn are borrowing some of the culture                                          ex- food is a great example: taco
• some langauges are less accpeting-German
• calquing: borrowing parts of words
• ex-German Wolkenkratzer: Came from our skyscraper

• morphemes that created new words 
• verb can be made into a noun by adding a derivational ending
• ex-  pave --> pavement

• two words making one
• butter + fly = butterfly

• words take on new meanings over time: repurposing
• ex- web spiders bed/internet