exam

• recrystilized due to the action of
• 1. heat
• 2. pressure
• 3. fluids

large areas and are due to plate activity

• fine grained parent
• ex) shale, basalt

"cooked" by contact with magma or lava

• dark fined
• grained rock

form at certain pressure and temperatures

• a rock formation a continuous body of rock that formed in the same enviornment over a continious span of time
• dose not all need to be the same rock type
• large enough to be on a map
• normally named after a near by town
• ex) capostrano formation

• archbishiop usher
• oct. 26 (earths birthday)

the natural process we see today could produce everything we see in the geologic record, but it would take a very long time

• A) principle of superpostion
• B) principle of inclusion
• include fragments of rock must be older than the rock that contains them
• "chocolate chip"
• C) Principle of original horizontality
• sedimentary layers start out flat, of they are folded or tilted then that folding or tilting happened later
• D) principle of cross cutting realation
• younger features cut older features

• A) disconformity
• B) angular unconformity
• C) non comformity

based on fossils and supper positions

• CENOZIC ERA "modern life"
• quaternay
• tertiary
• MESOZOIC ERA "middle life"
• cretaceous
• jurassic
• triassic
• PALEOZIC ERA "ancient life"
• permain, pennsyivanian, mississppian, devonian, silvian, ordovicia, cambrian
• Pre cambrian time

you can place a number of years on an event

the aniount of time 1/2 the atoms of parent isotope in a sample decay

• PHEROZOIC EON "apparent life"
• cenozic
• mesozoic
• paleozoic
• PROTEROZOIC EON "first multicellular life"
• ARCHEAN EON
• HADEAN TIME "hellish"

• the movement of earth materials due to gravity
• rock slide
• mud flow

• 1)FALL: material dose not stay in contact with earths surface
• ex) steep slope "cliff"
• 2)SLIDE: material stays in contact with earth and moves ad one units internal structures are preserved
• 3)FLOW: material moves like a liquid internal structures are not preserved
• ex) avalanche
• 4)CREEP: very slow movement due to expansion and contraction

• REPOSE: steepest angle that will remain stable in particular material
• RELIEF: total height of the slope higher is less stable
• WATER: destaibilites b adding weight and subrication surface by pushing grains apart
• VEGITATIAN: roots hold material
• DIRECTION OF LAYERING

add weight to the top of a slope or remove material from base

remove material from the top or add to the base of the slope

the amount of sediment transported by river

coarse/sediment that moves along the river bed by rolling, sliding or saltationo

fine grained material held in the water comin by turbulence

depend on energy in the water

• material carried as ions in a solution
• velocity increases=errosion
• velocity decreses=deposition

amount of water flowing down river

curveness of a river

• multiple channel that split and recombine
• steeper gradient
• higher velocity
• higher sediment
• lower discharge

• single channel that winds back and forth over a flat areac called a FLOOD PLANS
• flatter gradient
• lower velocity
• lower sediment load
• higher discharge

• YOUNG STREAM: immature landscape
• steep v shaped valley, steeper gradient and higher velocity, low sinuosity
• OLDER STREAM: mature landscape
• wide flood plain, flatter gradient and lower velocity, higher sinuosity
• REJUVENATED STREAM:
• inside meanders, meandering shape but steep valley and steep gradient

river was there befor the mountains where uplif

• when a river meets the ocean or a like
• velocity will slow and sediment will be deposited

dry delta from an ephmeral desert stream

volume of open pore space/ total volume of rock

• rate that water can flow through a rock
• depends on the amount of connected pore space

rock with high porosity and permiability

rock with low porosiy and perablility

rock with no/low porosity and permiability

water rises out of the surface without being pumped

water rises out of aquifier but not to the surface

whenever the accumilation of snow greater then the melting

• v shaped
• gentle rounded topography
• tributeries can cut down to same level as main stream

• u shaped valley with steeper walls and a wider valley floor
• sharp, angular topography
• main glaciers can cut down much deeper that tributaries leaves a hanging vally behind

sharp ridge between glaciers

• sharp glarized mountain peal
• ex)matahorn

a bowl shaped depression at the head of the glacier

lake with a cirque

• immature glacial sediment
• very angular
• unsorted

large boulders randomly left by glaciers

a accumulumatio of till

valley flooded by rising sea level

glacial u shaped esturay

• cover large areas, flows away from an area of high snow fal, can be more then 3 miles thick
• 3 in world today
• greenland
• east antartic
• west antartic

tear srop shaped hills made of till

ridge made sediment deposted by sterein floring within or on top of a glacier

depression left when sediment was depesived a stranded black of ice usually forms a pond or lake

grooves cut into rocks that tell us directions that glacier was moving

• lower pressure= coler
• higher pressure= wammer

• steep walled canyon
• caprock= resistant to erosion, sandstone, and basalt

• PLATEAU: large area
• MESA: wider than tall
• BUTTE: taller than wider

"dry delta" whena cone of sediemt builds out into a dry desert basin

surface formed by merging alluvial fans on the lower part of the slope

erosional surface cut into bedrock

a temporary desert lake

rock salt

• saltation
• dunes

large scale cross bedding

sand supply is limited

• plenty of sand and steady wind direction
• giant ripples

• "sand sea"
• large area cover by sand

abundant sand variable winds

above the water table

creep and expansive soil

rock grains that move along the bed of a stream in a jumping motion

one

mineral that forms out of restricted tempature and pressure

the metamorphic facies characteristic of subduction zone