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metamorphic rocks are
- recrystilized due to the action of
- 1. heat
- 2. pressure
- 3. fluids
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regional or dynamic metamorphic are
large areas and are due to plate activity
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foliated metamorphic rocks
- fine grained parent
- ex) shale, basalt
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contact or thermal metamorphic
"cooked" by contact with magma or lava
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index material
form at certain pressure and temperatures
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catalina schist
- a rock formation a continuous body of rock that formed in the same enviornment over a continious span of time
- dose not all need to be the same rock type
- large enough to be on a map
- normally named after a near by town
- ex) capostrano formation
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geologic time
- archbishiop usher
- oct. 26 (earths birthday)
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uniformataiainsim
the natural process we see today could produce everything we see in the geologic record, but it would take a very long time
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principles of relative dating
- A) principle of superpostion
- B) principle of inclusion
- include fragments of rock must be older than the rock that contains them
- "chocolate chip"
- C) Principle of original horizontality
- sedimentary layers start out flat, of they are folded or tilted then that folding or tilting happened later
- D) principle of cross cutting realation
- younger features cut older features
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unconformity
(surface of erosion)
- A) disconformity
- B) angular unconformity
- C) non comformity
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geologic time scale
based on fossils and supper positions
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3 eras
- CENOZIC ERA "modern life"
- quaternay
- tertiary
- MESOZOIC ERA "middle life"
- cretaceous
- jurassic
- triassic
- PALEOZIC ERA "ancient life"
- permain, pennsyivanian, mississppian, devonian, silvian, ordovicia, cambrian
- Pre cambrian time
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absolute dating
you can place a number of years on an event
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half life
the aniount of time 1/2 the atoms of parent isotope in a sample decay
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Eon eras
- PHEROZOIC EON "apparent life"
- cenozic
- mesozoic
- paleozoic
- PROTEROZOIC EON "first multicellular life"
- ARCHEAN EON
- HADEAN TIME "hellish"
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mass wasting
- the movement of earth materials due to gravity
- rock slide
- mud flow
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4 types of movement
- 1)FALL: material dose not stay in contact with earths surface
- ex) steep slope "cliff"
- 2)SLIDE: material stays in contact with earth and moves ad one units internal structures are preserved
- 3)FLOW: material moves like a liquid internal structures are not preserved
- ex) avalanche
- 4)CREEP: very slow movement due to expansion and contraction
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angle of the slope
- REPOSE: steepest angle that will remain stable in particular material
- RELIEF: total height of the slope higher is less stable
- WATER: destaibilites b adding weight and subrication surface by pushing grains apart
- VEGITATIAN: roots hold material
- DIRECTION OF LAYERING
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desta bilize
add weight to the top of a slope or remove material from base
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stabilize
remove material from the top or add to the base of the slope
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sediment load
the amount of sediment transported by river
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bed load
coarse/sediment that moves along the river bed by rolling, sliding or saltationo
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suspended load
fine grained material held in the water comin by turbulence
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bed load and suspended load
depend on energy in the water
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dissolved load
- material carried as ions in a solution
- velocity increases=errosion
- velocity decreses=deposition
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discharge
amount of water flowing down river
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simuosity
curveness of a river
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braided steam
- multiple channel that split and recombine
- steeper gradient
- higher velocity
- higher sediment
- lower discharge
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meandering stream
- single channel that winds back and forth over a flat areac called a FLOOD PLANS
- flatter gradient
- lower velocity
- lower sediment load
- higher discharge
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LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION
(matueity)
- YOUNG STREAM: immature landscape
- steep v shaped valley, steeper gradient and higher velocity, low sinuosity
- OLDER STREAM: mature landscape
- wide flood plain, flatter gradient and lower velocity, higher sinuosity
- REJUVENATED STREAM:
- inside meanders, meandering shape but steep valley and steep gradient
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anticeedant stream
river was there befor the mountains where uplif
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delta
- when a river meets the ocean or a like
- velocity will slow and sediment will be deposited
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allvvial fan
dry delta from an ephmeral desert stream
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porosity %
volume of open pore space/ total volume of rock
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permiablility
- rate that water can flow through a rock
- depends on the amount of connected pore space
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aquifer
rock with high porosity and permiability
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aquitard
rock with low porosiy and perablility
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aquuiclude
rock with no/low porosity and permiability
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flowing artesian well
water rises out of the surface without being pumped
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non flowing artesian well
water rises out of aquifier but not to the surface
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glaciers
whenever the accumilation of snow greater then the melting
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glaciers confined within a valley in a mountain range landscape carved by rivers
- v shaped
- gentle rounded topography
- tributeries can cut down to same level as main stream
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landscape covered by glaciers
- u shaped valley with steeper walls and a wider valley floor
- sharp, angular topography
- main glaciers can cut down much deeper that tributaries leaves a hanging vally behind
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areta
sharp ridge between glaciers
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horn
- sharp glarized mountain peal
- ex)matahorn
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cirque
a bowl shaped depression at the head of the glacier
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till
- immature glacial sediment
- very angular
- unsorted
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glacial erratics
large boulders randomly left by glaciers
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moraine
a accumulumatio of till
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estuary
valley flooded by rising sea level
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fjord
glacial u shaped esturay
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ccontintatal glaciers of ice sheets
- cover large areas, flows away from an area of high snow fal, can be more then 3 miles thick
- 3 in world today
- greenland
- east antartic
- west antartic
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drumlins
tear srop shaped hills made of till
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esker
ridge made sediment deposted by sterein floring within or on top of a glacier
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kenel
depression left when sediment was depesived a stranded black of ice usually forms a pond or lake
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striarions
grooves cut into rocks that tell us directions that glacier was moving
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deserts
- lower pressure= coler
- higher pressure= wammer
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arroyo
- steep walled canyon
- caprock= resistant to erosion, sandstone, and basalt
- PLATEAU: large area
- MESA: wider than tall
- BUTTE: taller than wider
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alluvial fan
"dry delta" whena cone of sediemt builds out into a dry desert basin
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bajada
surface formed by merging alluvial fans on the lower part of the slope
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pediment
erosional surface cut into bedrock
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playa
a temporary desert lake
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windblown stand moves by ---------- and formes ----------
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inside of dune are old slip face
large scale cross bedding
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barchan dune
sand supply is limited
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transverse dunes
- plenty of sand and steady wind direction
- giant ripples
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erg
- "sand sea"
- large area cover by sand
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longitudinal dunes or self
abundant sand variable winds
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vadose ZONe
above the water table
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greatest annual property loss in unites states
creep and expansive soil
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saltation
rock grains that move along the bed of a stream in a jumping motion
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a perfectly straight river would have a sinuosity of
one
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index mineral
mineral that forms out of restricted tempature and pressure
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blue schist
the metamorphic facies characteristic of subduction zone
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