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cerebr/o
largest part of the brain
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hypn/o
somn/i
somn/o
sleep
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mening/o
meningi/o
membrane
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tax/o
order or coordination
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thalam/o
thalamus (a room)
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-mania
abnormal impulse toward
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-paresis
slight paralysis
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central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
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brain
portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium
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cerebrum
largest portion of the brain
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frontal lobe
responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality
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parietal lobe
responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch
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temporal lobe
responsible for hearing, taste, and smell
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occipital lobe
responsible for vision
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cerebral cortex
outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter, responsible for higher mental functions
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thalamus
two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain, responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex
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gyri
mounds of the cerebral hemispheres
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sucli
shallow grooves that separate gyri
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fissures
deep grooves in the brain
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cerebellum
responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles
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brainstem
responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature
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ventricles
series of interconnected cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
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spinal cord
responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body
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meninges
three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
nerves that branch from the central nervous system, including nerves of the brain and spinal cord
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cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
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spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
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sensory nerves
nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain
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motor nerves
nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands
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autonomic nervous system (ANS)
nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands
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hypothalamus
control center for the autonomic nervous system
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sympathetic nervous system
concerned with preparing the body in stressful situations
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parasympathetic nervous system
it restores the body to a restful state after stressful experiences
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dysarthria
speech impairments from incoordination of speech muscles
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dysphasia
difficulty speaking
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coma
decreased consciousness
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delirium
state of mental confusion due to disturbances in cerebral function
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dementia
impairment of intellectual function with memory loss, confusion
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motor deficit
loss or impairment of muscle function
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sensory deficit
loss or impairment of sensation
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neuralgia
pain along the course of a nerve
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paralysis
temporary or permanent loss of motor control
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sciatica
pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve caused by trauma of the nerve or its roots
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seizure
sudden disturbances in brain function resulting from abnormal firing of nerve impulses
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convulsion
a type of seizure that causes a series of contractions of muscles
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hyperesthesia
increased sensitivity to stimulation
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paresthesia
abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without a cause
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agnosia
any types of loss of neurological function associated with interpretation of sensory information
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astereognosis
inability to judge the form of an object by touch
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atopognosis
inability to locate a sensation
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Alzheimer disease
changes in the brain resulting in deterioration with forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of intellectual functions, total disability, and death
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control
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cerebral palsy (CP)
condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth
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cerebrovascular disease
disease resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain
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cerebral arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries of the brain
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cerebral atherosclerosis
condition of fat buildup within the blood vessels of the brain
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cerebral aneurysm
dilation of a blood vessel in the brain
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cerebral thrombosis
presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain
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cerebral embolism
obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain
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cerebrovascular accident stroke (CVA)
group of brain dysfunctions related to disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain
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transient ischemic attack (TI
brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain
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encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
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epilepsy
disorder affecting the central nervous system characterized by recurrent seizures
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tonic-clonic
a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups
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glioma
tumor of glial cells
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herniated disk
fragmented intervertebral disk, causing compression on the nerve root
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herpes zoster
painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves
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Huntington disease (HD)
hereditary disease of the central nervous system
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Huntington chorea
bizarre involuntary body movements and progressive dementia
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hydrocephalus
hydrocephaly
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
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meningioma
benign tumor of the coverings of the brain
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meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
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migraine headache
severe headaches accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, vomiting, lasting hours or days
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multiple sclerosis (MS)
disease in the body's immune system that eats away at the protective sheath that covers the nerves
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myasthenia gravis
an autoimmune neuromuscular disease leading to muscle weakness and fatiguability
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myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
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narcolepsy
a sudden uncontrollable need to sleep
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Parkinson disease
a decrease of dopamine for proper movement
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poliomyelitis
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord, resulting in spinal and muscle deformity
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polyneuritis
inflammation involving two or more nerves, due to nutritional deficiency
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reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD)
abnormal function of the sympathetic nervous system in response to pain
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spina bifida
defect in the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches
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electroencephalogram (EEG)
record of electrical impulses of the brain identifying conditions that affect brain function
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lumbar puncture (LP)
putting a needle into the spine to get cerebrospinal fluid for testing
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position emission tomography (PET)
technique to produce images of brain to study diseases
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radiography
x-ray imaging
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computed tomography (of the head)
x-ray images of the head used to visualize abnormalities within
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myelogram
x-ray of the spinal cord
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reflex testing
test performed to observe the body's response to a stimulus
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Babinski sign
pathological response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot
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transcranial sonogram
image to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels
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craniectomy
excision of part of the skull
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craniotomy
incision into the skull
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]diskectomy
removal of a herniated disk
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laminectomy
excision of one or more layers of the vertebrae
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vertebral lamina
flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch
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neuroendovascular surgery
diagnosis and treatment of disorders within cerebral blood vessels
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chemotherapy
treatment that destroys selected cells
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radiation therapy
treatment using ionizing radiation to impede the life of malignant cells
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stereotactic radiosurgery
radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions by focusing radiation beams on them
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stereotactic frame
device used to localize a point in space targeting a precise site
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thrombolytic therapy
dissolution of thrombi using drugs
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analgesic
agent that relives pain
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anticoagulant
drug that prevents clotting of the blood
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anticonvulsant
agent that prevents or lessens convulsion
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hypnotic
agent that induces sleep
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sedative
agent that calms
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flat affect
dulled emotion
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catatonia
state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment
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delusion
persistent belief that has no basis in reality
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euphoria
exaggerated feeling of well-being
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hallucination
false perception of the senses for which there is no reality
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ideation
formation of thoughts or ideas
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mania
psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent
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psychosis
mental condition characterized by distortion of reality
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thought disorder
thought that lacks clear processing
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major depression
major depressive illness
clinical depression
disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, appetite and social behavior
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dysthymia
milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic depression persisting for at least two years
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manic depression bipolar disorder (BD)
affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and remit in the spring
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
most common anxiety disorder with uncontrollable worry about everyday problems
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panic disorder (PD)
disorder of sudden recurrent attacks of intense feelings
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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the person with persistent thoughts and memories of it
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hypochondriasis
preoccupation with thoughts of disease that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions
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autism
developmental disability resulting from a neurological disorder affecting brain function
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dyslexia
disability characterized by a difficulty understanding written or spoken words
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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
consistent distractions, and lack of control over impulses
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mental retardation
condition of subaverage intelligence
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anorexia nervosa
severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight that results in a refusal to eat
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bulimia nervsa
eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by vomiting or excessive exercise
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions
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light therapy
use of illuminating light to treat seasonal affective disorder
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psychotherapy
treatment of psychiatric disorders sing verbal and nonverbal interaction
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behavioral therapy
treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior
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cognitive therapy
treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking
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psychotropic drugs
treat mental illnesses
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neuroleptic agents
drugs used to treat psychosis
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