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What are the main components of blood?
- RBC, erythrocytes
- WBC, leukocytes
- Platelets, thrombocytes
- Plasma
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What substances are dissolved in plasma?
Electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, wastes, coagulation factors
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What 2 organs can produces blood cells when needed?
Liver & spleen
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What are the myeloid cells?
RBCs, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes
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What are the lymphoid cells?
Lymphocytes
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What hormone controls the production of RBCs and what organ produces it? Why is it produced?
- Erythropoietin
- Kidney
- Hypoxia
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What hormone stimulates thrombopoiesis?
Thrombopoietin
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Leukopoiesis is the production of WBCs. What is the name of the cell that they originate from?
Pluripotent stem cell
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Which vein is the most accessible and ideal for blood samples? What size needle should be used?
Femoral; largest possible
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What size syringe should be used for blood samples?
Closest size to desired volume
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List the steps on how to fill a test tube
- Remove tube top
- Fill w/ appropriate volume
- Mix tube if anticoagulant present
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What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Plasma contains clotting factors and serum has used up its clotting factors. Serum no longer has fibrinogen.
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When is Heparin used as an anticoagulant? When should it never be used?
When plasma is needed. For blood film analysis.
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What does EDTA stand for? What is it used for?
Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid is used for hematologic studies (CBC, BUN, blood typing)
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What does the CBC include?
- Total RBC count
- PCV
- Plasma protein concentration
- Total WBC count
- Blood film eval (WBC differential, erythrocyte & leukocyte morphology, platelet estimate)
- Hemoglobin concentration
- Erythrocyte indices
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What is the unopette and how is it used?
Pipette holding predetermined amount of blood. Mix proper amounts of blood and diluent/lysing agent. Incubate mixture 10 min & invert to mix cells. Add to dropper assembly and add small amount to hemocytometer, making sure not to overflow moat around grid. Apply cover slip & observe on 40x mag.
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How many squares make up the whole unopette grid? The corners? The middle?
9; 16; 400
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What total mag is the WBC count done at? How do you get the total count of WBC?
View 9 primary cells w/ 10x objective, then add cells counted on both sides and divide by 2
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When performing the RBC count, what feilds do you examine?
Center & four corner squares w/in the super square
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What does the PCV measure?
% of whole blood composed of erythrocytes
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What is the buffy coat composed of?
WBC & platelets
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How is the HGB calculated?
Divide HCT by 3
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What are the HCT and HGB normals for the canine and feline?
- Canine: 37 - 55%; 12 - 18g/dl
- Feline: 30 - 45%; 8 - 15 g/dl
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What is methemoglobin/methemoblobinemia?
Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin containing oxidized iron & is inefficient at oxygen transport. Methemoglobinemia is an abnormal condition where an excess of methemoglobin is produced.
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What causes methemoglobinemia?
Tylenol toxicity, hepatotoxicity, renal failure
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What color is blood in animals with methemoglobinemia?
Chocolate brown; caused by methemoglobin spilling into the urine (methemoglobinuria)
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What is MCV and what does it measure?
- Mean corpuscular volume
- Avg size of erythrocytes
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What is MCH and what does it measure?
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
- Measurement of weight of hemoglobin in RBC and hemoglobins carrying capacity.
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What are the 4 conditions possible for hemoglobin carrying capacity?
Normocytic, polychromasia, hypochromia, hyperchromia
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What is MCHC and what does it measure?
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
- Avg hemoglobin concentration in RBCs of a sample
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What does the reticulocyte count express and assess?
- % of RBCs that are immature
- Assesses bone marrow response to anemia and blood loss
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What are the two types of reticulocytes?
Punctate and aggregate
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What supplies are needed in a reticulocyte count?
Test tube, NMB stain, fixed vol. pipettor, slides
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What is the procedure for the reticulocyte count?
- Mix equal parts of NMB stain & blood
- Let stand for 15 - 20 min
- Prep smear
- Examine @ 100x & count retic # & norm RBCs observed per 10 random high pwr feilds
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What is the observed reticulocyte calculation?
# retics/ 1000 x 100 = % retics
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What is the normal % for reticulocytes?
<1%
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Mildly regenerative anemia has what % of retics? Moderately regenerative? Marked?
1 - 8%; 9 - 15%; >15%
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What is the calc for corrected retic count?
% retics x observed HCT/norm HCT
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What are causes of hypovolemia?
Dehydration, blood loss
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What is anemia and what causes it?
- Deficiency of erythrocytes
- Decreased production: renal failure, bone marrow toxin, FeLV
- Increased destruction: IMHA, parasites (anaplasma, hemobartonella), toxins (heinz bodies), loss
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What are the classifications of anemia and what do they mean?
- Regenerative: blood loss, hemolytic (IMHA, parasites)
- Non-regenerative: maturation defect, hypoproliferative
- Normocytic: chronic disorders
- Macrocytic: regenerative anemias
- Microcytic: iron deficiency anemia
- Hypochromic: reduced hemoglobin concentration
- Normochromic: norm hemoglobin concentration
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What are the clinical signs of hemorrhaging?
- Increased CRT
- Pale MM
- Tachycardia
- Weak, thready pulse
- Cold extremities
- +/- external bleeding
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What happens in IMHA? How is it treated?
- Antigen-antibody complexes form on rbc body resulting in killing of rbc by immune system
- Tx: steroids, chemo drugs
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What are 2 infectious hemolytic anemias?
Hemobartonellosis & babesiosis
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Heinz body hemolytic anemia is a reduction of rbcs through intravascular hemolysis due to what?
Aspirin (cat) and onion ingestion (dog)
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What are some causes of maturation defects?
Bone marrow toxicity, FeLV, iron deficiency
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What are some causes of hypoproliferative anemia?
- Decreased EPO
- Marrow toxicity (chloramphenicol)
- Infectious types: parvo, FeLV, FIV, Ehrlichia
- Non-infectious: estrogen toxicity, chemo
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Hypervolemia is caused by what?
- Hypernatremia
- Hyperproteinemia
- Iatrogenic
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What is polycythemia?
Increased # of rbc's
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What are the 3 types of polycythemia?
Relative (dehydration due to fluid loss), compensatory (high elevation), polycythemia rubra vera (rare bone marrow)
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