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Tuberculosis
- Cause: mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Contracted by the inhalation of infectious bacteria
- Incidence: 10 million world wide
- TB is a disease of poverty, crowding, refugees, HIV carriers
- Signs and Symptoms:
- Anorexia, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss, hemoptysis
- Dx: positive TB skin test (mantoux test), chest x-ray, sputum culture (C&S test) x3, CT scan
- Treatment: multidrug treatment: isoniazid (INH), rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, streptomycin
- Treatment for 3-12 months
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Pneumonia Dx and Trx
- Dx: chest x-ray, sputum smears, and blood culture
- Treatments:
- Antivirals and supportive care for viral
- Antibiotics for bacterial
- Postural drainage
- Bedrest
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COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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COPD Def.
- on-going condition that is incurable, structural problems within the lungs that impair respirations and inadequate ventilation
- Includes Chronic Bronchitis
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Atelectasis
- Collapsed Lung
- Manifestations: Dyspnea, increased heart and respiratory rates, and chest pain
- Dx: CXR, bronchoscopy, CT
- Trx: Chest percussion & drainage, cough and deep breathing, and bronchoscopy
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Emphysema
- Dx: PFT,ABG, CXR
- TRX: Bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, low flow oxygen, pulmonary rehab
- S&S: dyspnea, barrel chest, pink puffers(over ventilation)
- Pink Puffers:
- Smoking history- usual
- Age of onset 40-50 years of age
- Clinical features- often dramatic
- SOB-may be absent early in disease
- Sputum- may develop late in the course
- Prognosis-slowly debilitating disease
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Bronchospasms
Spasms in the Bronchial tubes
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Bronchiectasis
- Causes:
- airway obstruction, congenital, lung infection, Cystic Fibrosis
- Pathology:
- Chronic dilation of large bronchi, infection, destruction of bronchi walls, overlaps another disease, i.e. bronchitis, CF
- S&S:
- fever, recurrent infection, coughing, copious amounts of foul smelling purulent sputum, hemoptysis
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Asthma
periodic episodes of severe reversible (usually) bronchial obstruction manifested as bronchoconstriction, inflammation with edema and thick mucus; usually begins as acute: extrinsic found in kids to allergy, will be rates as mild, intermittent, severe or persistent
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Lung Cancer
- Causes: cigarettes, asbestos, coal dust, arsenic, and other industrial air pollutants
- Types: Non-small cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Large cell carcinoma, Small
- cell carcinoma
- S&S: Hemoptysis, coughing, dyspnea, hoarseness, weight loss, and fatigue
- Dx: H&P, CXR (will show a tumor up to 2 years before s&s), CT scan, bronchoscopy, sputum for cytology, needle bx., thoracentesis
- Trx: surgery (stage 1, 2, and some 3) lobectomy, pneumonectomy
- Radiation Therapy (all stages)
- Chemotherapy used in combination protocols (generally does not effect long term survival in most cases)
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Barrel Chest
Overexpanded Chest Muscles
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Flail Chest
- Trauma to the chest
- Double fracture= more than 1 rib
- Inability to maintain normal movement of the thoracic wall in affected area
- Mediastinal shift= shifts and squishes the heart
- Tx:Ventilator assistance, Chest tubes, Pain medication
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CBABE
- Chronic
- Bronchitis
- Asthma
- Bronchiectasis
- Emphysema
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