pharma test cardio 2.txt

• Condition in which the normal heart rhythm is disrupted (cardiac disrhythmias)
• Two categories: supraventicular dysrhytmias, ventricular dysrhythmias

• Tachycardia: sustained rapid heart beat >100 bpm
• Bradycardia: sustained slow heart beat <50 bpm

• Flutter (fast but regular)
• Fibrillation (fast but irregular)

Electrical abnormalities arise from sinoatrial (SA) node, atrial tissue and atrioventricular (AV) node

Electrical abnormalities arise from Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, ventricular tissue

• Heart block
• Ectopic pacemaker
• Atrial fibrillation
• Ventricular fibrillation

May cause atria and ventricles to contract independent of each other (not in a coordinated manner)

• May appear in regions of the heart other than the SA node
• Drives the heart at abnormally high rates
• Observed as premature contractions

• Very fast electrical discharge patterns causing atria to contract very rapidly
• Electrical impulses may reach ventricles causing faster and less efficient ventricular contractions
• Blood is still pumped less efficiently

• An uncoordinated series of very rapid, ineffective ventricular contractions
• Ventricles merely quiver and do not contract in a coordinated way
• No blood is pumped from the heart, so ventricular fibrillation is a form of cardiac arrest
• Fatal unless treated immediately

• Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis)
• Electrolyte imbalances (Na+ and K+)
• Heart muscle changes
• Injury from myocardial infarction
• Heart valve disease
• Metabolic disorders

• Antidysrhythmics
• Electrocardioconversion
• Catheter ablation

• Alter the physiological properties of the cardiac conduction system or the effective refractory period
• Five classes: Class I, II, III, IV A and IV B

• Sodium channel blockers
• Three further classes, not detailed in handout

Beta-adrenergic receptor agonists

Potassium channel blockers

Calcium channel blockers

Adenosine receptors agonists

Delivers electrical shock to re-establish normal heart rhythm

• Nonsurgical preocedure where catheter is inserted into groin or neck vein and threaded to the heart
• Radio frequency energy or intense cold is used to destroy a small amount of tissue to restore normal heart rhythm

• A condition in which the heart can no longer pump enough blood to the rest of the body
• Usually a complication of heart disease

• History and physical exam
• Lab tests
• ECG
• Chest radiography
• Echocardiography

• Diuretics
• ACE inhibitors
• Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
• Cardiac glycocides
• Vasodilators
• Dopamine
• Specialized implantable pacemakers

• A life-threatening medical condition caused by insufficient blood flow throughout the body
• Requires immediate treatment since symptoms can worsen rapidly
• Five types

• Severe hypotension
• Severe injury or illness
• Medical emergencies (hypoxia, myocardial infarction, organ damage)

• Septic
• Anaphylactic
• Cadiogenic
• Hypovolemic
• Neurogenic

• Caused by bacteria multiplying in the blood and toxins due to infections
• Treatment: antibiotics for underlying infection and fluids to treat dehydration and maintain or increase body fluids

• A type of severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction
• Treatment: Histamine1 receptor agonists (H1-receptor), epinephrine, glucocorticosteroids

• Caused by heart damage preventing sufficient blood supply to the body
• Treatment for heart attack: cardiac catheterization, coronary artery bypass graft surgery
• Treatment for congestive heart failure: medications to increase cardiac contracile force, heart transplantation

• Caused by severe blood and fluid loss due to traumatic bodily injury
• Treatment: fluid replacement such as saline, blood transfusion

• Caused by spinal cord injury due to traumatic accident or injury
• Treatment is difficult, due to often irreversible spinal cord injuries
• Supportive treatments of body regulatory functions: airway control, immobilization of the spine, fluids to maintain blood pressure, glucocorticosteroids, surgery

• Fetal and perinatal circulation: Ductus arteriosus (DA), Foramen ovale (FO)
• Congenital heart disease (CHD)

• Connects pulmonary artery with the aorta bypassing the fetal lungs
• Normally closes at birth

• An opening in the septum between the two atria that is normally present in the fetus
• Normally closes at birth

• Refers to abnormal functional and/or structural heart problems that develop before birth
• About 35,000 babies born each year have some type of congenital heart defect
• Responsible for more deaths in the first year of life than any other birth defect
• Some resolve over time while others require treatment
• Causes include environmental factors or chromosomal abnormalities
• Two types: cyanotic and non-cyanotic

• Tetralogy of Fallot: refers to a group of four types of heart defects: narrowing of pulmonic valve, right ventricular wall hypertrophy, displacement of the aorta, ventricular septal defect
• Transposition of the great arteries: pulmonary artery connected to the left ventricle, aorta connected to the right ventricle

• Septal defects: atrial septal effect (hole in the wall separating L from R atria), ventricular septal defect (hole separating L and R atria)
• Patent ductus arteriosus (getting its own flashcard)
• Coarctation of the aorta (also getting its own flashcard)

• Ductus arteriosus connects the fetal pulmonary artery and aorta
• Allows blood to bypass nonfunctioning fetal lungs
• Oxygenated blood comes from the mother via the placenta
• Usually closed within a couple of days after birth
• Leads to abnormal blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artieries if it remains open

• Congenital narrowing of part of the aorta
• Narrowing of aorta leads to increased resistance in the left ventricle
• Increased resistance in the left ventricle can eventually lead to congestive heart failure