econ 165 test 3

The result when total cost is subtracted from total benefit.

Payments that a business makes to acquire factors of production, such as labor, raw materials and machinery.

The opportunity costs to business owners from using their resources in the business rather than in an alternative opportunity; must be recovered to keep the business in operation; normal profit.

Profit necessary to recover implicit costs and keep a business in operation; considered to be an economic cost of production.

Profit beyond normal profit; not considered a cost of production.

The change in total revenue when one more (or additional) unit of an item is demanded.

The effect of an action on a person or thing that was not one of teh parties involved in the action.

Choosing to remain uninformed because teh marginal cost of obtaining the information is higher than the marginal benefit from knowing it.

As technology grows and new ideas are advanced, some processes and equipment become obsolute.

A production time frame in which all factors of production are variable in amount.

Market structure characterized by a large number of sellers with differentiated outputs and fairly easy entry and exit. A monopolistic competition market has 1) a large number of sellers -- not as many as in pure competition, but a large number nonetheless; 2) differentiated products -- buyers can distinguish among the products of different sellers; and 3) fairly easy entry into and exit from the market.

Markets dominated by a few large sellers; products are differentiated or identical; entry into the market is difficult. In an oligopoly: 1) the market is dominated by a few large sellers, but there may also be small fringe sellers in the market as well; 2) the products of teh sellers may be differentiated or identical; and entry of firms into the market is quite difficult because of barriers to entry such as the financing needed to enter the market and be large enough to compete.

A market with one seller that maintains its position because entry by new sellers is impossible. In a monopoly market there is: 1) only one seller -- the momopolist; 2) no need to consider the issue of product differentiation since thre is just one seller and 3) no possibility of entry by new sellers.

Laws prohibiting certain practices that reduce competition.

Original and most broadly worded federal antitrust statute; condemns combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade, and momopolization and attempts to monopolize.

Joint action by sellers to influence their product prices; considered to be highly competitive.

Joint action by sellers to divide sales territories among themselves; considered to be highly anticompetitive.

A merger between two sellers competing in the same market.

A merger between a firm and a supplier or distributor.

The demand for a factor of production depends on the demand for the good or service the factor produces. It is derived from, or depends on, the demand for the good or service the factor produces.

A good that has a useful lifetime of more than 1 year.

A person living alone or a group of related or unrelated persons who occupy a house, apartment or other housing unit.

As additional units of an item are consumed, beyond some point each successive unit of the item consumed will add less to total utility than was added by the unit consumed just before it.

The change in total satisfaction from consuming an additional unit of a good, service or activity.

The costs of fixed factors are called fixed costs.

The costs for a business' variable factors is called variabl costs and include hourly wages, payments for raw materials and machinery.

Firms focus on a feature other than price to attract buyers to their products.

A market with a large number of independent sellers producing identical products, and with easy entry into and exit from the market.

A few days before his 28th birthday, he jumped from a third story window to comit suicide after four prior unsuccessful attempts. This was his fifth attempt in ten years. Mother died when he was 17. Dad was very depressed over it and moved around to find work in the oil fields. Sister is Elizabeth and she got him to move to East Coast. Tried a clinic for help but quit taking prescription. Did not bathe often and argued with sister over hygene. He left and roamed the streets and shelters. Too shy to panhandle.