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functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
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Functions of the Nephrons
fltration of substance and reabsorption
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Filtration of substances goes from the________to the _________
Glomerulus to the bowmans capsule
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3 things that affect the degree of filtration
- 1 blood pressure (hypotension decreases filtration)
- 2 amt of blood reaching the glomerulus (ie shock causes pools in capillarys decreasing blood to vital organs causing a decrease in filtration)
- 3 laws off defusion (substances move from a high conc. to a low conc.
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Freely filtered substances
- 1 Water
- 2 Electrolytes
- 3 Glucose
- 4 amino acids
- 5 Urea & Creatinine (non protein)
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urea comes from?
protein breakdown--->Ammonia--->urea--->urine
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Creatinine comes from?
Muscle metabolism--->creatinine--->urine
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Reabsorption
Renal tubules to the blood stream
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what two things can control reabsorption?
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how do hormones play a part in reabsorption?
- ADH: realsed from the pituitary and tells tubules to reabsorb h20
- Aldosterone: released from the adrenals controls sodium reabsorption and potassium excreation
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normal blood glucose level in dogs?
100mg/dl
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Renal threshold?
160-180mg/dl
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should there be glucose in a normal pt's urine?
no
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highly concentrated urine increase your chance of seeing?
crystals
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positive and negatives of a morning sample?
- +high conc. has better chance of finding crystals
- -Poor cytology from the sample sitting
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Recently formed samples +/-
- +good cytology
- -urine is dilute decreasing the chance of seeing abnormalities and dilute urine is a hypotonic solution the can cause cells (rbcs) to swell and rupture
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4 methods of collecting urine
- Voided
- Manual expression
- Catheterization
- Cystocentesis
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Advantages of a voided sample
- -no iatrogenic trauma/infx
- -clients can do it
- -easiest on pt
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Disadvantage of Voided sample
- -animal wont go
- -poor method for culture due to possible contamination
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Advantages of Manual expression
-convienient b4 sx
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disadvantages of manual expression
- -may require anesthsia
- -big dogs with tense abdominal muscles are difficult
- -iatrogenic trauma which causes in increase in RBCs
- -can rupture the bladder
- -if pt has cystitus you can drive the bacteria into the Ureters
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how to preform manual expression
- -palpate bladder with finger pressure
- - apply gental steady pressure
- be patient so sphincter can open
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advantages of catherization
- -usually an immediate sample
- -may releive urinary obstruction
- -if using foley can moniter urinary output
- -can use for culture
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Disadvantages of catheterization
- -iatrogenic trauma/infx
- -may require anesthesia
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types of catheters
- cats-tom cat
- dog-red rubber, polypropylene (stiffer and longer), foley (indwelling) females-bitch
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Use of catheters
- -use smallest that will allow for passage of urine
- -clean and sterile (cath, lube, gloves) (exception: polypropylene)
- -measure
- pinch tubing b4 pulling out
- -discard the 1st part of the sample to decrease bac. contamin.
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Cystocentesis advantages
- -immediate sample
- -no anesthesia required
- -best for urine culture
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Disadvantages of Cystocentesis
-iatrogenic trauma and infx= increased RBC
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how to preform cystocentesis
- -palpate the bladder if possible
- -Female dogs: dorsal recumb.
- -22g Ga 1-1.5 inches long
- -6cc-12cc syringe
- -may also do in lateral or standing
- -draw as much urine as you can (bladder will shrink, wall thickens, hole closes)
- -if you miss, backout with neg. pressure and try again
- -Never redirect you could hit the colon!
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4 parts of a routine U/A
- macroscopic evaluation
- USG
- Urine Chemistrys
- microscopic Evaluation
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how long can urine sit at room temp?
30 mins
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if standing at room temp what will happen
bacteria multiply, crystals increase, urine gets cloudy, cells disntegrate, cast breakdown, pH changes (increased due to lost CO2, Urease + bacteria
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how long can u refridgerate urine
6hrs
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how do you chem. preserve urine
- 1gtt of 40% formaldeyde to 1oz of urine
- --MUST DO CHEMS FIRST (dipsticks)
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