Biology-Chapter 14,15,16,17,18

A heritable feature that varies among individuals

Each variant for a character

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate

Corssing of two true-breeding parents

True breeding parents

Hybrid offspring of P generation

Offspring of F₁ generation

• 1. Alternative versions of gene account for variations in inherited characters
• 2. For each character; an organism inherits two allels, one from each parent
• 3. If the two allels at a locus differ, then one, the dominate allele, determines the organism's appearance; the other has no noticable affect on the organism's appearance.
• 4. The two allels for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different genes.

Alternative versions of a gene

used to predict allel composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of know genetic make up.

An organism with a pair of identical allels for a character

An organism taht has two different alleles for a gene

An organism's observed traits

An organism's genetic make up

Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote in order to revel the genotype of an organism.

Heterogzygous in one character

Heterozygous in two characters

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation. *only applies to genes located on different chromosomes*

• -alleles are not completely dominate or recessive
• -a gene has more than 2 alleles
• -A single gene produces multiple phenotypes

Situation in which the phenotype of herterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individual's homozyjous of either allele

two alleles both affect the pheontype in separate, distinguishable ways

Brain cells cannot metabolize certain lipids and lipids accumulate in the brain.

The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects

"standing upon", a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

Characters that vary along a continuum. Example-skin pigment varies along a continuum

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

Range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environment influences. Example-red blood cell count increases at higher elevations

Many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype

Information about a family's history for a particular trait and assembling this info into a family tree.

Offspring with one recessive allele

A type of dominate trait dwarfism

Degenerative disease of the nervous system; lethal dominate allele

Needle is inserted into uterus and extracts a 10 mL sample of amniotic fluid

Tube is inserted through cervix into uterus and suctions tiny sample of tissue from placenta

Principle stating that genes are located on chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns' genes have specific loci along chromosomes and the chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment.

Phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations

Non wildtypes

A gene located on either sex chromosome

Sex-linked disorder which causes increasing muscle loss caused by a lack of dystrophin

Sex-link blood disorder

Inactive X chromosome which condenses and lies along the nuclear envelope of a cell

Involves modification of the DNA

Genes on the same chromosomes that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses

The production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent

offspring

Offspring with new genetic combinations

Reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis

an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.

The farther apart two genes are, the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency.

A genetic map based on recombination frequencies

The distance between genes. One map unit is equivalent to 1% recombination frequency

locates genes with respect to chromosomal features

Members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II

A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number

An aneuploid zygote with a missing chromosome

Three of the same chromosomes are located in a cell

Organisms with more than two complete chromosome sets

A chromosomal fragment is lost

An extra segment on a chromosome

A chromosomal fragment attaches in reverse on a chromosome

Chromosome fragment is moved from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome

Phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent. *caused by methly group that attaches to cytosine nucleotids and silences the allele. Sometimes works in reverse (example: Igf2 allele)