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plasma
liquid portion of the blood-- water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, vitamins
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serum
liquid portion of the blood left after the clotting process
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erythrocyte
red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
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hemoglobin
protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
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leukocyte
white blood cell that protects the body from infection
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granulocytes
a group of white blood cells containing small particles in their cytoplasm
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neutrophil
a white blood cell that fights infection by swallowing bacteria
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polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)
another term for white blood cell, has many segments in its nucleus
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band
an immature white blood cell
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eosinophil
a small white blood cell that increases with allergy and some infections
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basophil
a small white blood cell that prevents compounds that do not let blood clot to inflamed tissues
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agranulocytes
a group of white blood cells without small particles in their nuclei
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lymphocyte
a small white blood cells that fights against disease
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monocyte
A white blood cell that has a single nucleus and can take in foreign material.
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platelet
cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting
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thymus
helps maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes (immune cells)
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spleen
the organ that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris, and provides the environment with immune responses by lymphocytes (immune cells)
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lymph
fluid in the organs and tissues that helps collect unwanted materials for removal from the body
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lymph capillaries
microscopic vessels that draw lymph from the tissues to the lymph vessels
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lymph vessels
vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
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lacteals
specialized lymph vessels that absorb fat into the bloodstream
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chyle
a white or pale yellow substance of the lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
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lymph nodes
small oval structures that filter the lymph received from the lymph vessels
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lymph ducts
collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
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right lymphatic duct
receives lymph from the upper-right part of the body
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thoracic duct
receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities
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antigen
a substance that, when introduced to the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it (detects harmful substances)
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antibody
a substance produced by the body that destroys an antigen
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immunoglobulins (Ig)
protein antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes that protect the body from foreign pathogens
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immunity
process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
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active immunity
an immunity that protects the body against a future infection
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passive immunity
an immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the mother to the fetus, or artificially by injection
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erythropenia
an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
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lymphocytopenia
an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
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neutropenia
a decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell
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pancytophenia
an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
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hemolysis
breakdown of the red blood cell membrane
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immunocompromised
an immune system that has been impaired by disease or medical treatment
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immunosuppression
impaired ability to provide an immune response
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lymphadenopathy
the presence of enlarged diseased lymph nodes
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splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
part of the immune system is missing or defective. the body's ability to fight infections is impaired. frequent infections will be more severe and last longer
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anemia
a condition in which there is a reduction in red blood cells, which doesn't let red blood cells transport oxygen to the tissues
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aplastic anemia
anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
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iron deficiency anemia
anemia that lacks iron
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pernicious anemia
anemia that has an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number
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autoimmune disease
abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself
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erythroblastosis fetalis
incompatibility of a fetus with an Rh-positive blood factor and a mother who is Rh negative, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus
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hemochromatosis
excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body
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hemophilia
a bleeding disorder that slows the blood clotting process
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myelodysplasia
when bone marrow produces an insufficient number of normal blood cells
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lymphoma
any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue
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metastasis
the process by which cancer cells are spread by blood
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mononucleosis
an increase in mononuclear cells in the blood, enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, sore throat
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polycythemia
an increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
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septicemia
a systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in the circulating blood
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thrombocytopenia
a bleeding disorder with a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, which impairs the clotting process
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blood chemistry
a test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the presence of a chemical constituent
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blood chemistry panels
specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood
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basic metabolic panel
tests used as a general screen for disease
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comprehensive metabolic panel
tests for expanded screening purposes
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blood culture
a test to determine if infection is present in the blood stream
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CD4 cell count
a measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood
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hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb)
a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin
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hematocrit (HCT or Hct)
a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood
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bone marrow aspiration
a needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathological examination
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bone marrow biopsy
a pathological examination of bone marrow tissue
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lymphangiogram
an x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection o a contrast medium
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computed tomography (CT)
used to detect tumors and cancers
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bone marrow transplant
the transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a donor to stimulate blood cell production
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lymphadenectomy
the removal of a lymph node
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lymphadenotomy
an incision into a lymph node
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lymph node dissection
the removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for examination
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splenectomy
removal of a spleen
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thymectomy
removal of the thymus gland
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chemotherapy
chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
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immunotherapy
agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanisms
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plasmapheresis
the removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements
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anticoagulant
a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
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hemostatic
a drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels
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vasoconstrictor
a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels
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vasodilator
a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow
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