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Blade or jaw
The part that makes contact with tissue and is the working portions
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Joint
This is where the instrument is hinged
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Shank (shaft)
Length of the instrument from the joint to the finger rings; the longer the shank, the deeper the penetration into a cavity
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Ratchet
How an instrument may be locked in place; a sideways motion with your fingers in the finger rings may release the groove interlock when the instrument is closed
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Finger ring
Located directly opposite the jaw; controls the opening and closing motion of the jaw
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6 common methods of diagnosis
- Radiology
- Pathology
- Endoscopy
- Thermography
- Ultrasonography
- Magnetic Resonance imaging
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Describe radiology
Branch of medicine that uses x-rays, radioactive substances and ionizing radiation for diagnosis and treatment
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Describe pathology
Branch of biological science that studies the nature and cause of disease through changes in the structure and function of organ systems and all thier components
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Describe endoscopy
Visual examination of the interior of a body cavity or organ utilizing a lighted scope
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Describe thermography
Detecting and measuring variations of heat emitted by different regions of the body and transforming them into visible signals that can be recorded photographically
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Describe ultrasonography
Use of sound vibrations to study alterations of anatomical structures
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Describe Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Use of electromagnetic energy and radiofrequencies for identifying abnormalities in anatomical structures
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Arthroscope
Visualization of intra-articular surfaces, generally the knee
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Bronchoscope
Visualization of the broncial area, its branches, and the mucosa of the trachea
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Choledochoscope
Visualization of the common bile duct
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Colonoscope
Visualization of the entire large intestine
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Culdoscope
Visualization of pelvic structures
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Cystoscope
Visualization of the urinary bladder
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Esophagogastroduodenoscope
Visualization of the esphagus, stomach and duodenum
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Esophagoscope
Visualization of esphagus and cardia of the stomach
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Gastroscope
Visualization of the stomach
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Mediastinosocpe
Visualization of lymph nodes or tumors in the superior mediastinum
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Nephroscope
Visualization of renal pelvis, calyces and upper ureter
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Proctoscope
Visualization of the rectum
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Sigmoidoscope
Visualization of the sigmoid colon
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7 radiological items/accessories which could be used in diagnostic procedures
- Portable x-ray machine
- C-arm machine
- Lead aprons/shields
- OR tables
- Cysto tables
- Image intensifiers (c-arm)
- Floroscope
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Describe portable x-ray machines
Machine which can be moved from room to room, creates diagnostic images either on film or digital images on monitors
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Describe c-arm imaging
A portable fluoroscopic machine that displays live images on a monitor
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Describe lead aprons/sheilds
Protective devices to shield personnel from radiation during radiographic or fluoroscopic procedures
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Describe OR tables
Operating room tables may have a tray or slot to place films for x-ray film exposures
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Describe cysto tables
Special tables with radiographic and fluoroscopic capability that are used for urological procedures
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Describe image intensifiers (c-arm)
Amplifies the fluoroscopic optical image projected onto a television screen
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Describe a fluorosocpe
Similar to x-ray generator except that it has an additional screen composed of fluorescent crystals; fluorescent light produces an optical image that is projected ona screen or retained in film
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2 mian characteristics of computed tomography (CT) scans
- Uses an x-ray beam in conjunction with computer graphics technology
- Produces a sequential series of positive images of transverse (cross) sections of organs and anatomical structures
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2 main characteristics of ultrasonography
- Uses high-frequency sound waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue
- Ultrasonic echos are recorded as they strike tissues of different densities and elasticities
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2 main characteristics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Uses electromagnetic energy and radiowaves to form image
- Does not use radiation
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3 basic pathology studies
- Biopsy
- Culture and Sensitivity
- Frozen Section
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Describe biopsy specimen
- Removal of living tissue, cell or body fluid samples
- Samples are examined under a microsocpe by a pathologist
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Describe culture and sensitivity specimen
- Growing living material under sterile conditions in prepared nutrient media
- Material to be cultured is commonly obtained from abscesses, wounds or surgically removed tissue
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Describe frozen section specimens
- Cutting a thin piece of frozen tissue specimen for examination under a microscopes
- Performed on tissue when a rapid diagnosis is needed, usually while the patient is still anesthetized
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Which types of tissue specimens are not placed in formalin?
- Stones
- Teeth
- Limbs
- Tissue scheduled for cultures or frozen section
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4 things to remember when handling amputated limbs in surgery
- Remove all drapes and instruments from the limb
- Wrap the amputated limb adequately with a proper drape and place it in a plastic bag
- Attach label and specimen card for delivery to the laboratory
- Never leave an amputated limb lying on a specimen cart
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5 purposes of sutures
- Provide hemostasis
- Provide strength to the wound
- Provide tissue approximation
- Hold tissues together
- Tie off tissue to be removed
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Define capillarity
Allows tissue fluids to move along the strand
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Define double-armed
A needle at both ends of a suture to allow for circumferential suturing
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Define elasticity
Ability to be stretched or expanded
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Define free needles
No thread attached
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Define gauge
Distance throug the center of the suture in millimeters
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Keith needle
Straight needle for subcutaneious closure
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Define knot strength
Force necessary to cause a knot to slip
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Define Memory
Ability to return to former condition
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Define monofilament
Strand consisting of a single thread
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Define multifiliment
Strand made of more than one thread held together by twisting or braiding
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Define pliability
Ability to bend freely and repeatedly without breaking
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Define popoffs
Suture can be pulled off the needle without using scissors
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Define single-armed
One needle and one strand of suture
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Define tensile strength
Amount of tension or pull, expressed in pounds, that a strand of suture will withstand before it breaks
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Define tissue drag
Ease at which suture slips through tissue
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Describe absorbable
A suture that is absored by living mamailan tissue; the strand will not act like a foreign body in the wound but will be incorporated into the body
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Describe nonabsorbable
A suture that effectively resists enzymatic digestion in living tissue, and, therefore, must be manually removed
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Describe natural
A suture made of materials that are provided by or that exist in nature
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Describe synthetic
A suture produced artificially from pertroleum-based materials
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4 things considered in suture selection
- Condition of the tissue
- Condition of the wound
- Nature of the disease
- Probably postop course for the patient
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Blunt point needles are used for...
Suturing friable tissue such as the liver, kidneys, and spleen
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Curved needles are used for...
Approximation of tissue because they are easily placed
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Cutting point needles are used for...
Tissues that are difficult to penetrate such as skin and tendons
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Delicate needles are used for...
ophthalmic tissue, blood vessels, and the intestines
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Heavy needles are used for...
Gynecological procedures and muscles
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Medium needles are used for...
General closure and gynecological and muscle procedures
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Needle selection is dependent upon
The tissue being sutured and the depth at which the surgeon is working
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Needles with cutting shafts are used for...
Tough, heavy tissues
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Straight needles are used for...
Skin and superficial wounds
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Taper point needles are used for...
Soft, delicate tissues such as the intestine and peritoneum
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What are the three dressing layers?
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Describe the inner dressing layer
Layer is against the wound, provides a barrier against pathogens, acts as a passageway for the wound's secretions through wicking
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3 types of inner dressings
- nonocclusive
- occlusive
- semiocclusive
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Describe nonocclusive dressings
Nonadherent material that draws secretions from the wound but remains air permeable
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Describe semiocclusive dressings
Hydroactive material that provides a mechanical surface with permeability
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Describe occlusive dressings
An airtight seal that prevents drying of the wound; impermeable to air and water but allows passage of secretions
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Describe the intermediate layer of a dressing
An absorbent layer that holds the secretions passing from the inner layerDescrib
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Describe the outer layer of a dressing
Holds the inner and intermediate layers in proper positions
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Description of Montgomery strap (4 things)
- Absorbs a moderate to large amount of drainage
- Holds a bulky dressing in place
- May be used when frequent inspections of a wound are required
- Provides easy access to the wound
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Describe stent dressings (3 things)
- Applies pressure and stabilizes tissue
- May be used when it is impossible to pressure dress an area such as the face or neck
- Provides a form-fitting mold that may be taped over the area or tied with long suture ends
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Describe pressure dressing (7 things)
- Absorbs excessive drainage
- Distributes pressure evenly
- Eliminates dead space and prevents edema and hematoma
- Encourages wound healing and minimizes scarring by influencing wound tension
- May be used following extensive operations
- Provides comfort to the patient postop
- Supports and immobilizes soft tissues
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Describe collodion dressing (5 things)
- Adherent, occlusive, polyurethane transparent film
- Allows the patient to shower or bathe with dressing in place
- May be used on a clean incision that is primarily closed with sutures, staples or steri-strips
- Provides easy visualization of the surgical wound
- Usually removed in 24 to 48 hours after the surgical procedure
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Define current
Flow of electrical charge or rate of flow of electrons
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Define electrical charge
Too many or too few electrons
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Define electric current
Movement of an electrical charge
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Define electrons
Negatively charged particles
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Define insulators
Material that stop the flow of electrons
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Define mass
Any matter that occupies space
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Define neutrons
Neutral particles
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Define nucleus
Center of an atom
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Define Ohm's law
A mathematical explanation of the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance
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Define power
Rate at which work is done, measured in watts
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Define protons
Particles contained within the nucleus that are positively charged
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Define volts
Electrical potential
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Define speed
How fast something is moving without concentration or direction
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Define velocity
How fast something is moving and what direction it takes
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Define acceleration
Change in velocity over a period of time
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Define projectile motion
Mothion of something projected at an angle
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Define Newton's laws of motion
- 1 - An object will remain still unless an outside force affects it
- 2 - An object's acceleration is the same direction as its force
- 3 - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
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Define momentum
Best described as the recoil of an object
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Define work
The force that causes an object to change location
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Define energy
Produces changes in matter
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Define potential energy
Energy stored by an object
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Define kinetic energy
Energy in motion
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Define power
The rate at which work is done
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What is the ESU circuit composed of? (4 things)
- Active electrode (bovie tip)
- Generator
- Grounding pad
- Patient
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Name 2 different types of ESUs
- Monopoloar (bovie)
- Bipolar
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How does current travel in a monopolar ESU?
From the gernator to the pencil through the body to the grounding pad and back to the generator
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How does current travel in a bipolar ESU?
Current flows from the generator to one of the prongs, to the other prong and back to the generator
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