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Tiberias
- Emperor of the Julio Claudian Dynasty
- Augustus's stepson
- Ruled rome from Capri during the last 20 years of his reign
- Left tremendous amount of money in the treasury after his death
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Sejanus
- Chief administrator of the Roman empire for Tiberias
- Alleged murderer of Tiberias
- only son of Drusus Caesar
- Was executed by Tiberias for suspicion of attempting to overthrow him and become emperor himself
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Caligula
- Tiberias Nephew
- Executed his mother and brothers for treason from 31-33
- Built a temple for himself of the Palatine
- Was attacked and stabbed to death in 41
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Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus
- Consul
- legate of Germania Superior
- Involved in a plot against caligula
- was executed
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Claudius
- Emperor of Rome
- Put down revolt in Domitia led by Scribonius
- Set up corp of imperial freedmen
- established an efficient imperial administration which included a dept of Justice and finance
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Invasion of Britain
- occured in 43
- Claudius Invaded
- temple to claudius established at Camulodunum
- Camulodunum was established as the provincial capital
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agrippa I
- Banished by Tiberias
- Named co-heir to the Roman throne
- was executed
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Nero
- Poisoned Britanicus
- executed 3 wives and mother
- claimed and depicted himself as a great patron of the arts
- was suggested that he started the great fire of rome to detract from his unpopular policies
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Lucius Amnaeus Seneca
- Romes leading intellectual figure in the mid first century
- virtual ruler of the roman world during the first phase of Nero's reign
- wrote the Pumpkinification of the Divine Claudius
- introduced fiscal and judicial reforms
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First Persecution of the Christians A.D. 64
- Persecuted by Nero
- allegedly set fire to rome
- were not persecuted for religious reasons
- was regional persecution not yet widespread
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Civil War 68-69
- Between 3 men proclaimed emperor
- Galba Otho and Vitillus were the 3
- war was won by vespacian
- vespacian became emperor and first of the Flavian dynasty
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Otho, Galba, Vitillus
- Proclaimed emperors between 68&69
- were defeated by one another
- followed the death of Nero
- Were succeeded by Nero
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Vespacian
- First of the Flavian Dynasty
- Sons were titus and Domitian
- Good politician and military leader
- became a better man after becoming emperor which is unique
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Pax Augusta
- Peace of Augustus
- Temple built by Vespacian
- Completed in 45
- Deified the peace that Augustus brought to Rome
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Jesus Christ
- 4 BC-30 AD
- Founder of Christianity
- Teaching and deeds recorded in the New Testament
- Incarnation of God according to the Christians
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The acts of the apostles
- were written in Greek
- was written by Luke the Evangelist
- Was written in Rome
- Without acts a picture of the primitive church would be impossible to reconstruct
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Pagan
- In the Roman tradition were deified people and mythical personages for for worship and sacrifice
- The christian apology defended against attacks by pagans
- 150 christians coming under universal persecution by the pagans
- emperor Gallienus commences 40 year period in which christians arent persecuted
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The Imperial Cult
- evolved from hellenistic Greek and Roman Precedents
- it was tied to military and political power
- included the worship of Rome and the Genius of the the Roman people
- Ruling emperors began to be treated as divine entities
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Lex de imperio Vespasiani
- Used to grant imperial powers to Vespacian
- Consistent with power of the tribune
- took power from the aediles
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Pliny the Younger
- Roman Author and administrator
- served as praetor and consul
- wrote 10 books filled with personal correspondence
- served as imperial legate in the province of Bithynia
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First Jewish War
- Jewish Rebellion against Roman rule in Judea
- The jews expelled the Romans from Jerusalem
- Vespacian and Titus sent to put down the rebellion
- Jerusalem fell and temple was burned
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Masada
- Mountaintop fortress in southeast israel
- site of the jews last stand after the fall of Jerusalem
- was beseiged by Flavius Silva
- took Romans 2 years to breach the fortress
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Germania Superior and Inferior
- Created by Domitian
- Campaigned across the Rhine
- earned title germanicus
- wall was built across germania superior
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Titus
- Made name for himself in the Jewish Revolt
- great reputation for Roman emperor especially after disaster relief for the victims at Pompeii
- Dedicated the Roman Colliseum
- Rebuilt the Temple of Jupiter
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Mount Vesuvius
- Destroyed the city of Pompeii and Stabiae
- Buried Herculaneum with mud after the eruption
- eruption was recorded by Pliny the Younger
- Titus gave much relief after its eruption to the citizens of Pompeii
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Domitian
- Roman Emperor
- Began to style himself as a god
- Built the Domus Augustana
- Put down tribes along the Danube River in Dacia
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Dominus et Deus
- what Emperor Domitian proclaimed himself to be
- translates as Lord and God
- was very offensive
- resulted in a conspiracy against him
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Decebalus
- King of the Dacians
- unified the Dacian tribes and led them against Domitian and Trajan
- Trajan captured the Dacian capital from Decebalus twice
- Committed suicide after Trajan returned
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Nerva
- Last Italian Emperor
- Developed relief program for the poor
- banned all treason charges and trials
- returned property confiscated by Domitian
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Trajan
- First emperor that is not Italian
- Established the Alimenta
- fought and defeated the Dacians
- Campaigned against the Parthians
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Dacian wars (101-2, 105-6)
- Decibalus king of Dacia warred against Rome
- Trajan made it a province
- decebalus rebelled in 105
- Trajan invaded with army and decibalus commits suicide
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Hadrian
- Worked towards stabilizing and strengthening frontiers of the empire
- built a wall in Britain to keep out Barbarians
- repuil the Panthenon
- Launched building campaign an architectural highmark
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Antinous
- Hadrians boy lover
- drowned in the nile
- was made a deity
- creat city on the nile, antinopolous in his honor
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Bar Kokhba Revolt
- The third jewish Revolt
- devastated Judea
- appears to have been an attempt to eradicate Jews
- jews were forbidden to enter jerusalem
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Quattuorviri Consulares
- Appointment of 4 judges by Hadrian
- Cases were heard throughout the 4 regions of Italy
- Was to allow people of Rome Justice without inflicting them the burden of having to travel to rome to recieve it
- interpreted as a desire to streamlin administrative and legal proceedings
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Constitutio Antoniniana
- Edict Issued in 212
- Also known as the edict of Caracalla
- Declared all free men in the Republic were to be given Roman Citizenship
- was passed to increase Rome's Tax base
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Commodus
- Only son of Marcus Aurelius that survived infancy
- Had no interest in Ruling as hed dedicated his duties to others
- Believed himself to be God and Hercules
- Strangled to death by Narcissus
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Apuleius
- Wrote the Golden Ass
- Was a platonic Philosopher
- wrote 3 books on plato
- The golden ass is important for its description of Religious mysteries
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Antoninus Pius
- Roman Emperor
- Put down revolts by the Moors in North Africa
- No major wars during his reign
- Adopted Marcus Aurelius
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Marcus Aurelius
- Known as the Philosopher King
- Reign marked by Continuous and Bitter warfare
- sets precedent making his brother an augustus
- put down revolts in Britain and Germany
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Lucius Verus
- Roman Emperor
- co-Ruled with Marcus Aurelius
- Campaigned with Marcus Aurelius against the Germanic Marcomanni
- Died of a Stroke
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Plague of 166
- Returning Armies fighting in the East brought back a terrible plague
- Lasted for 25 years
- 1/5 of Alexandria were killed by it
- the decrease and demoralization of the military and urban populations weakened the empire significantly
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Persecution of the Christians (Smyrna 150's)
- Tensions between christians and polytheists led to mob violence against the christians
- occured during the reign of Domitian
- Was thought to have been due to plague that was sweeping through Rome (punishment by the Gods)
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Marcomanni & Quadi
- Germanic Tribes that marched on Aquileia
- Aqueleia was an important port on the Adriatic Sea
- the tribes were turned back initially but were strengthened by other tribes
- These hostilities were divided into the 1st and 2nd Marcomanni Wars
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Septimius Severus
- First roman emperor from North Africa
- Killed all praetorians that were involved in the assassination of Parthenax
- Launched campaign against Ctesiphon and enslaved over 100,000 men, women, and children
- coined phrase "maintain unity, pay soldiers well, and forget everyone else"
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Ablinus
- Leader of the Roman legions of Britain
- Was appointed Caesar over gaul, Britain, and Spain
- Was declared emperor by his troops
- Was defeated by Severus in battle at Lyon
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Alamanni & Goths
- Germanic tribes who were fought by Caracalla
- Some of them were defeated, ohters were placated
- were raiding german provinces on the Danbian Frontier
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Macrinus
- Was saluted as augustus by the army
- first Roman emperor who was not a senator
- cut soldiers pay, eastern army rebelled
- met eastern army in battle was defeated and executed
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Elagabalus
- Religious fanatic
- Bisexual transvestite
- worshipped the sun god
- adopted Severus Alexander as his successor
- was stabbed in the latrine while visiting the praetorian Guard
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Severus Alexander
- Dominated by his mother who ruled the empire
- fought against the Persians
- Germans breached the Rhineland, he wanted to buy them off, his army felt this was dishonorable
- Was executed by his troops along with mother
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Sol Invictus
- Sun God of the Roman Empire
- was the provincial syrian God Elagabalus
- Deities image was brought to Rome from Emesa
- Elagabalus neglected Rome's state deities and promoted Sol Invictus as Rome's most powerful deity
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Sassanid Empire
- Persian dynasty
- replaced the Parthians as Romes new enemy
- Challenged Rome's eastern Borders
- Took antioch in 253
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Shapur I
- Persian king of the Sasanian Dynasty
- Conquered Nisibis and Carrhae
- Captured Valerian at Edessa
- Styled himself as king of kings of Iran and Non-Iran
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Zenobia
- queen of the Roman Colony of Palmyra
- Conquered several of Rome's eastern Provinces
- Was subjugated by Emperor Aurelian
- Was beseiged by Aurelian at Palmyra
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Aurelian
- Attempted to create a universal religion
- Was centered around the sun God
- Established temple to worship and priesthood
- reformed the Roman Coinage
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Dominus et Deus Natus
- Born Lord and God
- Emperor Aurelian styled himself as this
- Was featured on Roman coinage and inscriptions
- was his claim to the vice-regency of Sol Invictus
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Diocletian
- Roman Emperor
- Restored Efficient government to the empire after the anarchy of the 3rd Century
- Laid foundation for the Byzantine Empire
- Reign is noted for the last great persecution of the Christians
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Tetrarchy
- Rule of Four
- Short lived system of joint rule established by Diocletian
- Included an emperor of the east and West
- Each emperor had a deputy(Caesar)
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Galerius
- Roman Emperor notorious for his persecutions of Christians
- Imposed poll tax on urban populations
- Was emperor of the east
- afraid that his illness was vengeance by the christian God and issued an edict granting toleration
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Jovius
- Relationships titles shared between eastern and western emperors
- were applied to military unity and new provinces
- meant jupiters son
- was propagated on coins and art
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Carausius
- One of Maximians Commanders
- Launched a revolt with the North Sea fleet
- Occupied Britain and Northern Gaul
- Maximian struggled with the revolt for 7 years
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Edict of Maximum Prices
- Fixed wages and established maximum prices
- Was used to prevent inflation, abusive profits and exploitation of buyers
- over 1,000 articles were enumerated
- violations were punishable by death
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Edict against Manicheanism
- Religious group that was persecuted by emperor diocletian
- accused the group of acting in collusion with the persians against the empire
- leaders of the group were to be burned alive
- all imperial officials who followed it were sent to the mines
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The Great Persecution of the Christians
- Campaign against the Christians by Emperor Diocletian
- Orders for scriptures to be destroyed and churches pulled down throughout the empire
- issued edict that all freedmen were to be reenslaved
- ordered that all subjects throughout the empire were to demonstrate their loyalty by sacrificing in public
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Lactantius
- teacher of Rhetoric at the Imperial Court
- Wrote on the Deaths of the Persecutors
- A Christian Apologist
- Referred to as the Christians Cicero
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Constantius Chlorus
- Roman emperor and father the Constantine I
- Member of the tetrarchy
- Served as Caesar and Augustus
- Died after victory over the Picts as Augustus
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The Carnuntum Crisis
- capital of upper pannonia
- Conference held in 308
- Held by Diocletian, Galerius, and maximian
- was an attempt to save the tetrarchy
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Maxentius
- Roman Emperor
- Controlled Italy, and Africa
- Was killed by Constantine at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge
- stopped the persecution of the christians
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Constantine the Great
- Son of Constantius Chlorus
- First Roman emperor to profess Christianity
- Founded Constantinople
- Fought the battle of the milvian Bridge in the name of God
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Battle at the Milvian Bridge
- Battle in which Constantine defeated Maxentius
- Recognized as pivotal episode leading to the acceptance of Christianity
- Also marked Constantine's emergence as sole ruler
- Constantine went into battle bearing the sign of the Cross
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In hoc Signo Vinces
- In this sign you will conquer
- constantine adopted this motto after his vision of a Chi Rho
- Constantine saw this in the sky before the battle at the Milvian Bridge
- Chi Rho stands for the first 3 letters of Christ's name
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Edict of Toleration
- Given by Galerius
- Proclaimed religious toleration for Christians to engage in Worship
- officially ended the Diocletian Persecution
- Was a realization by the tetrarchy that eradication of the Christians had failed
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Licinius
- Roman Emperor
- Ruled Panonia
- Defeated Maximinus
- Issued the edict of Milan with Constantine granting religious toleration
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The Edict of Milan
- Proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity
- Granted all persons freedom to worship and deity
- gave christians legal rights
- Stated that christians were to be returned any confiscated property
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Donatist Controversy
- Church in North Africa didn't want lapsed clergy to serve
- 2 Bishops were created
- Donatus was chosen by the sect and Caecilian by the Romans
- Conflict was never truly resolved
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Constantinople
- Founded by Constantine
- was the new capital of the Roman Empire
- Was founded at Byzantium
- was built in 6 years
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