lit intro

discourse: the form of how something is told to whom by whom

story: the content of what is told

storyworld --> Events + Existence (--> characters + settings)

•  character constallations
•  analysis of characterisation
•  characterisation done by narrator or by another character
•  by character himself/herself
•  by character about other character
•  implicit (stillschweigend) vs. explicit (eindeutig) characterisation
•  reliabitity

setting = specific location in space and/or time

• - mood-invested space: where spaces and objects fulfil expressive symbolic or atmospheric functions
• - space of action: which serves mainly as a backdrop/ framework for the action
• - observed space: providing a panoramic overview

- fundamental category: narrative situation ('point of view')

• elements of mediacy:
• - mode: narrator or reflector
• - person: first or third person
• - perspective: internal or externat perspective

• dominant narrative situations:
• - authorial (dominated by externat perspective)
• - first person (identity of the realms of existence of narrator and the rest of the characters)
• - figural (dominance of the reflector mode)

• - narration (who speaks/narrates?)
• - focalization (the perception of events. Who sees?)

• ----------------------------------
• TIME
• - order (analepsis, prolepsis, anachronic)
• - duration (discouse vs story time): stretch, summary, ellipsis, scene, pause)
• - frequency (How many times is something told?)

• VOICE (How speaks to whom from which position in relation to the story?)
• - covert/overt narrator
• - heterodiegetic/homediegetic/autodiegetic (which position?)
• - embedded/frame narrative
• - intradiegetic (reporting of the event while it happens)/extradiegetic (past; events are far away) ---> level of communication

• FOCALISATION (Who perceives what in which way?)
• - Internat: fixed, variable, multiple
• - External
• - zero

• = Genette's focalazor is Stanzel's reflector
• # Where Stanzel tends towards unification, Genette turns his concern towards diversification
• # Genette tries to establish a distinction between "the character whose point of view orients the narrative perspective" and the questions "who is the narrator"
• # Instead of using the term "narrative situation" and "point of view", he distinguishes between "narration" and "focalozation"

• - mode: extradiegetic/ intradiegetic narrator
• - person: homodiegetic(heterodiegetic narrator
• - perspective: overt/covert

"anonymous voices"

individualized, explicit speaker

• located outside of the storyworld
• appears only on the extradiegetic level

• an extradiegetic narrator who appears as a character in his/her own story
• if he/she's identical with the protagonist, we speak of an autodiegetic narrator (=first person narrator)

• located the level of narrative transmission
• constitutes the narrative process together with fictive adressee

• located on the level of the story
• characters who are part of the narrated story

• - direct sitation (direct speech)
• - indirect speech (inquit phrases + summeries, interprets, ... --> indirect way of telling)
• - free indirect discourse

- representation of thought

• narrative report of thought act
• indirect thought
• free indirect thought
• direct thought
• free direct thought

• diegesis--> mimesis
• > degree of mediacy

projects the principle of equivalence from the axis of selection into the axis of combination (Jakobson)

• - greek = which has been put together
• - govern relations of contiguity and possible combinations of elements within a sentence or a text

• - Greek = example, model
• -  relationship between linguistic elements that can be substituted one for another in one specific slot within a sentence (similarity)

• - smalles unit of verse
• - iamb /x/, trochee /x, spondee //, dactyl /xx, anapest xx/, amphibrach x/x

- highly artificial and perfectly regular sequence of stressed and unstressed syllables in lines of verse

• - based on the volume of our breath, the word accent, the word order, the syntactic pattern of phrases and the stress of particular words for emphasis
• - oral speech

the identity of the last stressed vowel and its subsequent letters in two or more words in its diverse forms and variations

• couplet aabb
• alternate ryhme abab
• envelope pattern abba
• tail ryhme abcabc

three quartets and a couplet

• three quartets
• - alternation of position in the three steps or
• - variation of one thesis

• couplet
• - summary
• - suprising turn

(Betonung) often an unusual position of a word in a line

(Beschönigung) embellishes a phenomenon

(Hyperbel) exaggeration

understatement in the negation

the invation of the word order is a favorite means of emphasis in a language that prefers a rather rigid word order of subject+verb+object

repeats words at the beginning of lines

repeats words at the end of lines

immediate repetition of words

parallel construction of phrases

joins words or phrases by commas only

joins words or phrases by conjunctions

statement that seems to be contradictory and true at the same time

(condensed version of the paradox) combines two contradictory terms

usage of figurative language in literature, or a figure of speech in which words are used in a sense different from their literal meaning. The term trope derives from the Greek τρόπος (tropos), "turn, direction, way", related to the root of the verb τρέπειν (trepein), "to turn, to direct, to alter, to change

• -The first, and more practical, function is to allow the reader greater understanding of the concept, object, or character being described. This is done by comparing it to an item that may be more familiar to the reader.
• - The second function is purely artistic: to create an image that is beautiful or profound or otherwise produces the effect that the writer desires. For these reasons, writers have used the metaphor in literature since the earliest recorded stories.

- adresser is never the author and adressee never the reader.

- communication model - Factors and Functions (Jakobson)

• (discourse oriented approach)
• - authorial
• - figural
• - first person

• mode (narrator/ reflector)
• perspective (internal/external)
• person (first/third)

showing - telling

story starts with birth

story starts in the middle of action

story; end is known

• - figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept
• - the crow came to town

• - Part of something is used to refer to the whole thing (pars pro toto)
• - 10 sails (for 10 ships)

• - a rhetorical figure in which words with the same etymological derivation are used adjacently
• - Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator

• - substitution view (cherry lips)
• - comparison view (Richard is a lion)
• - interaction view (Man is a wolf)

• 1 exposition
• 2 complication
• 3 climax
• 4 reversal
• 5 catastrophe

• rhetorical form:
• - morphological elements (words)--> tropes
• - semantic elements (figurative) --> tropes
• - syntactic elements (sentences)--> schemes of figures of speech

• poetic form
• - prosodic elements --> metre, rhythme
• - ponological elements --> sounds, rhyme

Focalising subject located on the level of narrative transmission

Focalising subject located on the same level as characters (that is, he or she, is part of the story)