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Required Rate of Return (bonds)
rd
- rd = I
- = to coupon rate if bond sells at par
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N for Bonds
Number of Years to matury. *2 for Semiannual
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Dollars of Interest Paid each year
- INT = PMT
- Coupon Rate x Par Value
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Discount Bond
Interest > Coupon Rate & Bond < Par Value
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Premium Bond
Interest < Coupon Rate & Bond > Par Value
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Current Yield (Bond)
- Pmt / PV
- = Total Yield - Capital Gains Yield
- Bond payout / sale price
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Capital Gain Yield (Bond)
(ParS - ParP) / ParP
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Total Rate of Return (Yield) (Bonds)
[Sum of Payments + (ParS - ParP)] / ParP
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YTM (Yield to Maturity) (Bond)
- Rate of Interest if Held to matury.
- Enter N, PV, PMT, FV
- CPT I/Yr
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YTC (Bonds)
Yield to Call. When intrest rates go down corporations will call bonds if they can and replace with cheaper ones.
- Enter N, PV, PMT, FV
- CPT I/Y
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r* (Bond)
- Real Risk free rate of interest
- = rate on short term treasury bond with no inflation
- int rate on a riskless security assuming no inflation
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rd = ? (bond)
- r* + IP + DRP + LP + MRP
- = Rrf + DRP + LP + MRP
- IP = Inflation Risk Premium
- DRP = Default " "
- LP = Liquidity " "
- MRP = Market " "
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rate of return (stock)
(amount received - amount invested) / amount invested
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Expected Rate of Return (stock)
- sum of weighted averages
- wi pi (amount of stock i in portfolio x price of i)
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Deviation
Subtract expected rate of return from a possible outcome
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Variance - Sigma2
sum of each deviation x probability
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Std Deviation
- Square root of variance
- 1 STD = 68.26%
- 2 STD = 95.46%
- 3 STD = 99.74%
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expected porfolio return
- weighted average of returns in portfolio
- wi = amt invested in stock i * rhati = expected return of stock i
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diversifiable risk
unique to a firm and can be cancelled out by good things happening to another firm hence eliminated by diversification
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market risk
not eliminated by diversification. 2008 crash for example
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relevant risk
stocks contribution to portfolio risk
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beta
stocks ricks in relation to the market
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MRP
- market risk premium
- MRP = RM - RF
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Risk Premium for Stock i
- RPi = bi(MRP)
- RPi = bi(RM-RF)
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Required Return (stock)
- Risk Free Return + Risk Premium
- = Rf + bi(Rm-Rf)
- = Rf + bi(MRP)
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Dt
Dividend at the end of year t
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D0
Most recent dividend (not given to purchaser)
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D1
Initial dividend (for purchaser)
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P0
- Market price of stock today
- = PV of Future Dividends
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PHATt
expected price at end of each year t
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Dividend Yield (Stock)
Di/P0
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Capital Gains Yield (this year, stock)
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g (stock)
growth rate in dividends
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rs (stock)
required rate of return of a stock
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rHATs (stock)
- Expected rate of return of a stock
- = dividend yield + capital gains yield
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rBARs (stock)
Actual/Realized rate of return (what you actually got)
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PHAT0 (stock valuation)
=
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PHAT0 (stock valuation)
g = 0
D/rs
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PHATn (stock)
PV of non constant dividends + PV of Constant dividends
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Dt (stock)
- Dividend at time t
- P0(1+g)t
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VPS
Value of Preferred Stock
- = PPS/rPS
- Price of Preferred Stock / return of prevered stock
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ri
return of stock i
- rf + (RM - Rf)b
- rf + MRP*b
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