Microbiology Test #1

  1. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
    Father of microbiology. Found animalcules using a microscope that he made.
  2. Phenotype identification
    Identifying a bacteria by its appearance, including gram stain and culturing.
  3. Father of Clinical Microbiology
    Robert Koch
  4. Koch's Postulate
    Isolated microbes from dead rats and injected them into healthy rats. He then found the microbes in the rats he infected.
  5. Cell Growth
    Increase in number of cells
  6. Binary Fission
    • Used by most prokaryotes to accomplish cell growth.
    • The DNA starts out tightly coiled, it replicates, then pulls to opposite sides of the bacterium. The growth of a new cell wall begins to separate the bacterium, the new cell wall fully develops, resulting in the complete split. The new daughter cells have tightly coiled DNA, ribosomes and plasmids.    
  7. Generation time
    AKA doubling time.

    Time required for a population of microbial cells to double.

    Highly variable depending on many factors.
  8. Generation
    One parent to two daughters
  9. Name the Five Appendage Types and their functions

    (the appendages can have multiple functions)
    Flagella-for motility


    Fimbriae-for attachment 


    Pili-for genetic exchange-can transmit AB resistance.


    Endospore-for protection


    Capsule-for protection
  10. Peritrichious
    Flagella out in different directions
  11. Polar
    Flagella at one end. Also called monotrichius
  12. Lephotrichus
    Several flagella at one end.
  13. Ampohitrichius (he did not mention this in class)
    Flagella at both ends
  14. Tumble
    When flagella turn backwards
  15. Run
    Forward movement of flagella
  16. Chemotaxis
    Movement to or from a chemical source
  17. Photaxis
    Movement to or from a light source
  18. Prokaryotic cells
    Bacteria, Archea (no membrane bound organelles)

    from before nucleus
  19. Eukaryotic cells
    Larger, with nucleus, mitochondria

    (algae, fungi, protozoa)

    human cells are Eukaryotic

    "Good Nucleus"
  20. Protein

    What are the 4 shapes of protein? 
    Macromolecule made of amino acids. Buiding blocks are amino acids, of which there are twenty common types.

    Made of an amine group

    The R section (that sticks out) determines what type of protein it is.   


    Shapes can be alpha helix, beta sheet, tertiatry is jumbled. Quarternary is two or more chains combined.
  21. Macromolecule with nucleotide
    DNA, RNA
  22. Macromolecule with sugars
    Polysaccharide
  23. Macromolecule with fatty acids, glycerol
    Lipid
  24. Key processes of life (molecular)
    DNA replication, DNA transcription, RNA translation
  25. Watson-Crick
    Discovered the double helix.

    Enzymes super-coil the double helix
  26. DNA bases=


    RNA bases=
    DNA=CTAG

    RNA=CUAG
  27. What recognizes something that is not us?
    The immune system.
  28. Telomere
    Telomeres are made of repeating sequences of TTAGGG on one strand of DNA bound to AATCCC on the other strand. It has been compared to the plastic ends of shoelaces.

    Telomeres shorten over time, which contributes to aging.
  29. Histomes
    Protein inside of cell which DNA coils around

    6 feet fits into the nuceus
  30. Methyl Group
    Put on the old DNA group during replication to identify it.
  31. Restriction Modification System
    Cuts a DNA strand if it is foreign. Protects bacteria from viruses.
  32. Methylase
    an enzyme that puts methyl groups on
  33. What is the first genome mapped and when?
    Thermophilus influenzai, mapped in 1995, is a large circular DNA
  34. Intron
    An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing while the final mature RNA product of a gene is being generated

    GARBAGE
  35. ORF
    Open reading frame in DNA sequence for synthesis of protein
  36. RNA
    Transcribed DNA code for protein syntheses
  37. tRNA
    transfer RNA-adapter molecules in protein synthesis
  38. rRNA
    Ribosomal RNA- structural and catalytic components of the ribosome and ribonucleoprotein
  39. LPS
    Lipopolysaccharide (outer surface of gram negative) outer membrane. There is a different type of sugar for each type of cell
  40. LTA
    Lipoteichoic acid (gram positive cell has thick layer of peptidoglycan)
  41. Lipid A
    A toxin which activates the immune system
  42. Gram stain vs. phylogy
    Appearance vs. genetics
  43. PCR stands for what?

    Who discovered it?

    How is it done?   
    Polymerase Chain Reaction

    Discovered by Kary Mullis. Repeatedly heat and cool DNA to make copies, primers (short pieces of DNA) are added.
  44. Fluorescent Tags
    Automated sequencing of DNA by the chain termination method; each of four different chain terminating bases has its own specific fluorescent tag.

    As the labelled DNA molecules are separated, the fluorescent label is excited by a UV source, and the identity of the base terminating the molecule is identified by the wavelength of the emitted light.
  45. Ribosome Database Program
    Webiste with database of all identified DNA
  46. Three Domains of Life
    Bacteria, Archerae, Eukaryote
  47. Complement System
    The complement system helps or “complements” the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the innate immune system that is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime.
  48. Extravasationn of Leukocytes
    • Neutrophils extravasate from blood vessels to the site of tissue injury or infection during the innate immune response. It catches, eats and shows the others what it caught.
    • Image Upload 2
  49. B cells-why called B cells?

    A component of which immune system?

    To what do they bind?

    Two main functions?      

    What do they eventually develop into?  
    B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system. B cells, which are the precursors of plasma cells,

    are characterized by the presence of a B-cell receptor able to bind specifically an antigen.

    Their principal functions are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

    and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction.
  50. T cells-why called T cells, play a role in what type of immunity?
    T cells or T lymphocytes play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus.

    • T celll on the right, platelet in the center, RBC on the left.
    • Image Upload 4
  51. Lymph Node
    Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T and other immune cells.
  52. Cells of immune system (eight)
    DC-dendritic cells


    Monocytes (MØ)


    Stem Cells


    B,T cells

    Hamatopoetic Cells

    Nurse Cells

    Thymocytes
  53. DC-Dendritic Cells
    Image Upload 6

    • They act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immunity.
    •  Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. 
  54. Monocytes (MØ) do what two things?
    • Image Upload 8
    • Monocytes are a type of white blood cell and are part of the innate immune system

    (1) replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states, and

    (2) in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move quickly (approx. 8-12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response.
  55. Hemapoetic Cells
    Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), also spelled haematopoietic stem cells, are multipotent stem cells that give rise to all the blood cell types.
  56. Nurse Cells
    Nurse cells are specialized macrophages residing in the bone marrow that assist in the development of red blood cells. They absorb the nuclei of immature red blood cells and help the red blood cells mature.

    In the bone marrow, immature red blood cells (erythroblasts) can be seen grouped in a cluster around a nurse cell. Like an animal feeding a bunch of babies.
  57. Thymocyte
    The primary function of thymocytes is the generation of T lymphocytes (T cells).
  58. Passive acquired immunity
    Breast Milk, immunization
  59. Che
    motor of a flagella
  60. Seven Different shapes of bacteria
    Cocci=round

    Rods=rods

    Spirillum=rod like s shape

    Spirochete=spiral

    Stalk-like a corn dog stalk and hypha

    Filamentosis=filamenty

    Pleomorphic-lacking a distinct shape

    Image Upload 10
  61. Opsinization
    • An opsonin is any molecule that targets an antigen for an immune response. It pokes a hole in the pathogen.
    • Image Upload 12
  62. PRM are looking for PAMPs
    Part of the innate immine system. It involves recgonition and ingestion. 

    Pattern Recognition Molecules on phagocytes are searching for Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns.
  63. Epitopes
    An epitope is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells.
  64. IgD
    IgD-Functions as an antigen receptor in B cells that have not been exposed to antigens.  It has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors
  65. IgG
    .IgG-In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens .
  66. IgE
     IgE-Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergy. Also protects against parasitic worms
  67. IgM
    IgM -Expressed on the surface of B cells. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG. Pentavelent-can bind up to 10 epitopes.  
  68. Immunoglobulin-antibody
    An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen.[1][2] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (a structure analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival).

    Image Upload 14
  69. IgG
    IgG-In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens .
  70. IgA-
    IgA-found in saliva, tears and breast milk. Prevents colonization of  pathogens
  71. Five different types of antibodies
    IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

    •  
    • On top is the monomer, IgD, IgE, IgG

    2nd is Dimer IgA

    • 3rd is Pentamer IgM   
    •  Image Upload 16
  72. Light Chain
    The smaller of the two types of polypeptide chains in an antibody molecule. A light chain consists of an antigen-binding portion with a variable amino acid sequence, and a constant region with an amino acid sequence that is relatively unchanging.
  73. Heavy chains
    • The larger of the two types of polypeptide chains in an immunoglobulin molecule. A heavy chain consists of an antigen-binding portion having a variable amino acid sequence, and a constant region that is different for each class of imunoglobulin.
    •  
    •  

    Image Upload 18
  74. MHC1--------------------------------------MHC2
    MHC1 is endogenous, goes with 8, killer.. Works on cancer and mutations.

    MHC2   exogenous, goes with 4, helper.
  75. Natural Killer Cells
    A lymphocyte that fights off viral infections and tumors without evident antigenic specificity.
  76. Three functions of membrane
    Permeability Barrier

    Protein Anchor

    Energy Conservation
  77. Image Upload 20
    Image Upload 22
  78. GRAM WHAT??? 

    Image Upload 24


    GRAM NEGATIVE

    Image Upload 26
  79. GRAM WHAAAT?

    Image Upload 28
    GRAM POSITIVE

    Image Upload 30
  80. Lymph NodeImage Upload 32
    Image Upload 34
  81. Just a couple more pictures to look at because I like them.
    Image Upload 36Image Upload 38Image Upload 40
Author
vir99
ID
160575
Card Set
Microbiology Test #1
Description
Microbiology
Updated