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Axial skeleton
consists of bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body. skull bones hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, and bones of the vertebral column.
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Types of bones: long bones
- have greater length then width, consist of a schaft and a variable number of extremities, and are slightly curved for strength.
- ex: femur, tibia and fibula(leg bones) humerous (arm) ulna and radious (forearm bone)
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short bones
are some-what cubed shape and are nearly equal in length and width. They consist of spongy bone tissue
ex: wrist bone and ankle bones
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flat bones
- ex: sternum, ribs
- are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue
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Irregulae bones
have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories,
ex: vertebrea
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Sesamoid bones
develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension and physical stress such as the palms and soles.
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Sutural bones
are small bones located in sutures(immovable joints in adults) between certain cranial bones
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bone surface markings
- structural features adapted to a certian function.
- two kinds: 1) depressions and openings - which allow the passage of sft tissue (blood vessels and nerves) or form joints. 2) processes - projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue
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The Skull
rests of on the superior end of the vertebrea column. The bones are grouped into two categories; the facial bones and cranial bones
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Cranial bones: Frontal bones
forms the forehead, the roofs of the orbits (eye socket) and most of the anterior part of the cranial floor.
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Cranial bones: Supraorbital margin
above the eye sockets. Forms the roof of the orbit and the floor of the cranial cavity
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Cranial bones: Parietal Bones
On either side of the Frontal bones; the two greater protions of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity. Contains mains protrusions and depressions that allow blood flow
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Cranial bones: Temporal bones
these paired bones are on either side of the parietal bones.
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Cranial bones: Zygomatic arch
lower section of the temporal bone attaches to the zygomatic bone to make this arch
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Cranial bones: External auditory meatus
ear canal that directs soundwaves into the ear. Found in the temporal bone
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Cranial bones: Mastoid process
is a rounded projection of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Posterior and interior to the external auditory meatus. It is the point of attachment for several neck muscles
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Cranial bones:Internal auditory meatus
is the opening through which the facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve pass.
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Cranial bones: Occipital bone
forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium. attached to the Parietal bone
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Cranial bones: Foramen Magnum
the inferior part of the brain connects with the spinal cord within this foramen and the vertebral and spinal arteries also pass through it.
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Cranial bones: occipital condyles
oval processes with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum, aritculate with depressions on the first cervical vertebra (atlas)
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Cranial bones: sphenoid bone
lies at the middle part of the base of the skull. Keystone of the cranial floor because it articulates with all the other cranial bones, holding them together.
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Cranial bones: Optic foramen
holds the eye. canal through which the optic nerve and opthalmic artery pass into the orbit
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Cranial bones: Ethmoid bone
- is sponge like in appearance and is located on the midline in the anteriorpart of the cranial floor medial to the orbits.
- major supporting structure of the nasal cavity
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Cranial bones: superior and middle conchae
they greatly increase the vascular and mucous membrane surface area in the nasal cavity, which warms and moistens inhaled air before it passes into the lungs
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