-
thickness of cell membrane
10 nm
-
most eukaryotic cells are between ____ and ___ in diameter
10um and 100um
-
resolution is dependant on;
is calculated as 1/2 of ______
wavelength
-
2 types of phospholipids in the cell membrane
- glycerophospholipids
- sphingolipids
-
glycerophospholipids is composed of
- glycerol linked to
- 2 fatty acyl groups and one phosphate group
-
-
-
this lipid absent is most prokaryotes
sphingolipids
-
addition of this molecule to the membrane bilayer reduces fluidity of lipids and penetration of small ions
cholesterol
-
how is membrane fluidity increased?
substitution of cis-unsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids
-
all proteins in the prokaryotic cell is made up by _________
free ribosomes
-
In a prokaryotic membrane (like a chloroplast in a plant cell)
this cell contains photosynthetic pigments
chromatophores
-
the plama membrane of a prokaryotic cell lacks _________________, which is typically found in eukaryotic cells
cholesterol and glycolipids
-
the ratio 2:1 in chromatin represents
weight (2 protein : 1 DNA)
-
histone ratio wieght to DNA (eukaryotes)
1:1
-
lenth of a nucleosome (in base pairs)
-
largest functional compartment in eukaryotic cells
cytosol
-
glycolysis occurs in which compartment?
cytosol
-
proteins that will function in the nucleus are made on?
free ribosomes
-
golgi bodies are called _____ in plant cells
dictysomes
-
lysosomal enzymes are recognized from its signal sequence in the Golgi. It is tagged with ______________________
mannose-6-phosphate residues
-
Location on the Krebs cycle?
matrix in the mitochondria
-
These are very elongated microvilli
found in the ducts of the epididymis
stereocilia
-
Mesenchymal cells
(cells in connective tissue)
- undifferemtiated cells which could become any other connective tissue
- primarily found in embryonic and fetal tissues
- capable of moving
- smaller than fibroblasts
-
Fibroblasts
(cells in connective tissue)
- largest # of cells present in connective tissue
- active state: flattened, oval nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm
- Inactive state: appear as elongated spindles, elongated nucleus
-
Reticular Fibers
- Thinner than collagen
- arraned in intermeshing network, supports organ
- inelastic
- walls of blood vessels, lymphoid tissues, red bone marrow, basal laminae, glands of liver and kidney
-
adipocytes
(cells in connective tissue)
- found in most connective tissue
- singly or in groups
- do NOT undergoe mitosis
-
Mast cells
(cells in connective tissue)
- ovoid cells with small round nuclei
- cytoplasm has numerous basophilic granules (stain)
- granules composed of:
- Histamine - dialates blood vessels, increases permability.
- Heparin - anticoagulant
- take part in allergic response
- numerous in repiratory tract and near small blood vessels
-
what is Heparin
- heparin is an anticoagulant
- released from mast cells
-
The axoneme
The structure is the core axial structure in cilia and flagella
-
Periodic acid schiff staining
(PAS stain)
detects presence of glycogen granules which are not visible by LM, but can be demonstrated by LM with this stain
-
The outerface of the plasmamembrane (euk) is enriched in _________________
glycolipids
-
Define
Occuluding junction
regions where the outer layer of the plasma membranes of associated cells appear fused (no extracellular space)
-
In eukaryotes, a 45S precursor rRNA is cut into 3 large ribosomal subunits
-
Zonula Occludens
This cell-cell junction prevents passage of materials through the extracellular space between cells and allow the epitheium to serve as a barrier
-
simple squamous epithelium
- endothelium of:
- blood and lymphatic vessles
- bowmans capsule
- thin loop of henle
- lung aveoli
- smallest excretory ducts of the glands
Function: lubrication of body cavities
-
Simple cuboidal epithelium
- kidney tubules
- choroid plexus
- thyroid gland
- rete testis
- surface of ovary
Function: Secretion, absorption, lines surface
-
Stratified Cubiodal Epithelium
- ducts of sweat glands
- developing follicles of ovary
Function: secretion, protection
-
stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
- epidermis of skin
- prevents water loss; protection
-
Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium (moist)
- Mucousa of:
- oral cavity
- esophagus
- anal canal
- vagina
- cornea of eye
- conjunctiva
Function: secretion, protection, prevent water loss
-
This receptor is involved with the initial binding of neutrophils to endothelial cells as the neutrophils leave blood bessels during inflammatory reactions
P-selectin receptors (bind to glycocalyx oligosaccharides in the plasma membrane
-
define: communicating junction
- allows ions to move from cytoplasm of one cell to another cell
- usually contains protein channels that cross both membranes
-
4 things a plant cells lacks which is present in an animal cell
- Nucleiod
- centrioles
- cilia and flagella
- microvilli
-
In microscopy, describe the fixation process of dehydration
water is usually removed from tissues by passing in through a series of increasing strengths of alchohol solutions
-
simple columar epithelium
- cells lining lumen of digestive tract
- gall bladder
- many glands
- uterus
- uterine tube (ciliated)
function: secretion, absorption, protection, lubrication
-
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- lines lumen of respiratory tract
- ducts of epididymus (stereocilia)
- ductus of deferens
- male urethra
function: secretion, protection, facilitates transport of substances on surfaces of cells
-
Stratified columnar epithelium
-
Transitional epithelium
Urinary Tract
function: protection
-
Ground substance
- a component of connective tissue
- located btw cells and fibers; both embedded in ot
- intercellular material
- when fresh, looks transparent
- route for passage of nutrients and wastes to and from cells within or adjacent to connective tissues
- composed of:
- glycoaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
-
Elastic Fibers
- yellow fibers, refractile fibers
- thinner than collagen
- walls of blood vessels, true vocal cords, and trachea
-
Collagen Fibers
- White Fibers
- most numerous fibers type in all tissue types in varying amount
- strong and resist stetching
tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and fascia
-
Peroxisomes
these membrane-lined vesicles contain catalase;
catalase generates hydrogen peroxide used to detoxify organic molecules
-
Connective tissue develops from the
mesoderm
-
all connective tissue consists of 3 distinct components
- ground substance
- cells
- fibers
-
Macrophages (hisiocytes)
- fixed or free cells
- fixed cells are very numerous in loose connective tissue
- polymorphic in shape
- oval nucleus
- ability to engulf extracellular material
- difficult to distinguish except during phagocytosis
-
plasma cells
(cells in connective tissue)
- eccentric nucleus
- chromatin in pattern (spoke wheel appearance)
- found in lamina propira, GI tract
- secrete:
- antibodies, immunoglobulins (IgG) into circulating blood to kill off bacterial invasions
-
Reticular cells
(cells in connective tissue)
- star-shaped cells
- join processes to form cellular network
- found in abutting reticular fibers in certain glands and lymphoid tissues
-
Pericytes
(cells in connective tissue)
- located in adventitia (outer layer) of blood vessels
- can differentiate into various connective tissue cells as well as smooth muscle cells
-
Peroxisomes are involved in 3 cellular processes
- Beta oxidation of fatty acis
- photorespiration
- glyoxylate cycle in plant cells
-
the cross section of this organelle in TEM is identified by
"nine doublets plus 2"
Cilia and flagella (eukaryotes)
-
Microvilli contain only ______ and cytosol and have an outer covering of plasma membrane
microfilaments
-
Kingdom Fungi
- multicellular w/ membrane bound nuclei
- absorb nutrients
- mushrooms, molds
-
Kingdom Protista
- unicellular, membrane bound nuclei
- ingest, absorb, or produce nutrients via photosynthesis
- protozoans, algea
-
Kingdom Monera
- no organized nuclei, unicellular
- absorb or produce nutrients
- bacterua, blue-green algae
-
Kindgom Plantae
- multicellular with membrane bound nuclei and cell wall
- possess chlorophyll and undergoe photosynthesis
- flowering plants and trees; evergreens
-
Kingdom Animalia
- Multicellular with membrane bound nuclei
- ingest nutrients
- mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, etc.
-
Living things are seperated into the 5 kingdoms based on 3 things
- presence of absence of membrane bound nuclei
- the number of cells forming the organism
- the mechanism for nutrition
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