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What is unique about the skin of the face?
- thickness of skin is less in facial region
- muscles of facial expression insert into deep surface of skin
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What innervates the skin of the face?
cutaneous branches of trigeminal nerve
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Which cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve?
CN V
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What are the muscles of facial expression also known as?
mimetic muscles
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Where are the muscles of facial expression arranged?
around eyes, nostrils, and mouth
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What is the general function of th emuscles of facial expression?
dilators or sphincters
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What innervates the muscles of facial expression?
terminal branches of facial nerve
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What cranial nerve is the facial nerve?
CN VII
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Sensory innervation of the face is provided by:
cutaneous branches of trigeminal nerve
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What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
- ophthalmic (V1)
- maxillary (V2)
- mandibular (V3)
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Where do supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves branch from?
ophthalmic (V1)
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What do the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves supply?
the upper eyelid and skin of forehead and anterior scalp
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Where does the infraorbital nerve branch from?
maxillary (V2)
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What does the infraorbital nerve supply?
skin of nose, lower eyelid, upper lip and most of cheek
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Where does the mental nerve branch from?
mandibular (V3)
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What does the mental nerve supply?
skin of lower lip and chin
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Where is the scalp?
anything above eyebrows
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Where is the buccal branch of CN V?
goes to cheek
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What is the function of the buccal branch of CN V?
purely sensory
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What provides motor innervation to muscles of face?
five terminal branches of facial nerve
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What structure does the facial nerve pass through as it gives off its five terminal branches?
parotid gland
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What are the five terminal branches of the facial nerve?
- temporal
- zygomatic
- buccal
- mandibular
- cervical
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How are the terminal branches of the facial nerve named?
indicates their destinations
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What does the temporal nerve supply?
side of skull and forehead
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What does the zygomatic branch supply?
muscles around eye
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What does the buccal branch supply?
muscles in cheek
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What does the mandibular branch supply?
muscles associated with lower lip and chin
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What does the cervical branch supply?
platysma in neck
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Of the 12 cranial nerves, which is most susceptible to injury and disease?
facial n.
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What is facial nerve paralysis commonly known as?
Bell's palsy
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Bell's palsy usually results in what disabilities?
weakness of facial muscles, or complete paralysis of facial muscles on the affected side
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Are symptoms of Bell's palsy reversible?
in most cases symptoms subside with passage of time
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How many arteries provide blood supply to face and scalp?
2
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Which two arteries provide blood supply to the face and scalp?
- transverse facial artery
- facial artery
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What is the transverse facial artery a branch of?
superficial temporal
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Where does the transverse facial artery run?
horizontally across zygomatic arch
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What is the facial artery a branch of?
external carotid
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What does the facial artery supply?
most of the facial region
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Which triangle does the facial artery pass through?
submandibular triangle
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The facial artery passes through the submandibular before crossing which bone to reach the facial region?
mandible
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After the facial artery enters the facial region, where does the artery go?
medial angle of eye
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Which branch of the external carotid artery is the facial artery?
the 3rd branch
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How many terminal branches does the external carotid artery have?
9
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Why does the facial artery have a twisted appearance?
so it can lengthen when jaw opens widely
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Where does the facial vein lie in comparison to the facial artery?
facial vein lies posterior to facial artery
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The facial vein connects with what other vein below the mandible?
common facial vein
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After the facial vein and common facial vein connect, they becom a tributary to which vein?
internal jugular
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The facial vein has important connections with several other veins including the:
- superior ophthalmic
- and pterygoid plexus
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Where is the superior ophthalmic vein?
in the orbit
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Where are the pterygoid plexus?
in infratemporal fossa
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Do the veins in the face have functional valves?
no
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What is the clinical significance of the ophthalmic and pterygoid plexus with the facial vein?
- they communicate with cavernous sinus in cranial cavity; infectious material is easily transported to cavernous sinus by way of these venous connections
- life-threatening situation may develop
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Why is it so dangerous to get an infection in the cavernous sinus in the cranial cavity?
difficult to treat this region with antibiotics
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What are the five layers of tissue on the scalp? (from superfical to deep)
- Skin
- subCutaneous tissue
- galea Aponeurotica
- Loose areolar tissue
- Pericranium
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What usually covers the skin of the scalp?
hair
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Is the skin of the scalp thick?
relatively thick
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What is contained in subcutaneous tissue of the scalp?
vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
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What is the galea aponeurotica?
a broad aponeurosis uniting two muscles
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Which two muscles does the galea aponeurotica connect?
frontalis and occipitalis
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What is areolar tissue?
connective tissue
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What is the function of the loose areolar tissue?
permits limited movement of the scalp
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What is another name for pericranium?
periosteum
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What is the cavernosus sinus?
- bilateral structure in cranial cavity
- collection of veins
- connects to ophthalmic vein
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Veins in the scalp have direct connections with venous channels in the cranial cavity by way of what?
emissary veins
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Where do emissary veins enter the cranial cavity?
foramina in skull, such as parietal and mastoid foramina
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What is the clinical importance of the emissary veins?
vascular channels can transmit an infection of the scalp to the cranial cavity
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What surrounds the arteries of the scalp?
dense layer of connective tissue
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Is it easy for the arteries to constrict after a scalp laceration occurs?
no, connot constrict easily to decrease hemorrhaging
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Since arteries in the scalp cannot hemorrhage easily, are scalp lacerations extermely bloody?
yes
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What provides innervation of the scalp?
supraorbital and supratrochlear nn
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Supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves are branches of what?
V1 anteriorly and greater/lesser occipital nn. posteriorly
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