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What bones make up the acetabulum?
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What type of joint is the hip joint?
ball and socket
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What bones make up the hip joint?
- head of femur
- lunate surface of acetabulum
- transverse acetabular ligament
- acetabular labrum
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What is the acetabulum?
socket for hip joint
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What movements are possible at the hip joint?
- flexion-extension
- abduction-adduction
- medial-lateral rotation
- circumduction
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How many axes of motion are possible at the hip joint?
three axes of motion
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What is the articular capsule of the hip joint?
strong and dense; attached proximally to brim of acetabulum, transverse ligament, labrum, and onneck of femur
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What are the direction of fibers on the articular capule of the hip joint?
- sprial for fibers from os coxae to intertrochanteric line
- circular fibers around femoral neck
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What are the intrinsic ligaments of the hip joint?
- iliofemoral
- pubofemoral
- ischiofemoral
- ligament of head of femur
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Where is the iliofemoral ligament?
from anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabular margin to intertrochanteric line
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Where is the pubofemoral ligament?
from acetabular margin (pubis) to superior end of intertrochanteric line
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Where is the ischiofemoral ligament?
from acetabular margin (ischium) to superior end of intertrochanteric line
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What is the function of the ligament of the head of the femur?
transmits blood vessels to head of femur
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What muscles cross the hip joint?
- anteriorly -- iliopsoas
- posteriorly -- intrinsic mm. of hip
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What are the special features of the hip joint?
very stable joint having appropriately shaped bones, strong ligaments, close intrinsic mm., and powerful extinsic mm. also crossing the joint
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What makes up the iliopsoas m.?
psoas major and iliacus tendons combine to form one tendon (iliopsoas m.)
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Is the hip joint's range of motion greater or less than the shoulder's range of motion?
considerably less
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Which is a more stable joint, the hip or shoulder?
hip
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What are some potential problems concerning the hip joint?
- fractures of neck of femur
- congenital dislocation
- traumatic dislocation
- aseptic necrosis
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What type of joint is the knee joint?
hinge, but modified with three joints in one capsule
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Which bones make up the knee joint?
femu, tibia and patella
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What kind of bone is the patella?
sesamoid bone
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Is the fibula part of the knee joint?
no
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What movements are possible at the knee joint?
- flexion and extension
- small amount of rotation and gliding action to lock extension
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What is the anterior capsule of the knee joint?
loose and thin posteriorly; reinforce medially, laterally, and anteriorly
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How are the fibers of the articular capsule of the knee joint arranged?
mostly vertical fom articular margins on both sets of condyles (femoral and tibial)
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Which condyle of the tibia is larger? Medial or Lateral?
medial
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The medial condyle of the femur has a comprable surface to what structure on the tibia?
medial condyle
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Where is the medial meniscus found?
between the medial condyles of the femur and tibia
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What happens to the MCL and the medial meniscus when there is a lateral blow to the knee joint?
tears the MCL which in turn damages the medial meniscus
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Where is the popliteus muscle positioned?
between LCL and lateral meniscus
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What is a effect of the placement of the popliteus muscle?
less likely to injure the lateral meniscus
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What is the fuction of the collateral ligaments of the knee joint?
- prevent tilting movements
- keep bones aligned
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What is the function of the PCL?
- prevents femur from forward displacement during flexion of knee
- prevents backward displacement of tibia
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What is the function of the ACL?
- prevents hyperextension
- prevents backward displacement of femur with extended knee
- prevents forward displacement of tibia
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What is the function of the suprapatellar bursa?
gives cuschion between bone and patella to prevent the patella from wearing down
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What is the meniscus made up of?
collagen fibers
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What are the different orientations of the collagen fibers of the menisci?
- radial
- circumfrential
- interwoven
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Describe the shape of the lateral meniscus:
one periphery, there is a thickening, but traveling into the knee joint it thins out
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What are the intrinsic ligaments of the knee joint?
- anterior/posterior cruciate ligaments
- fibular (later) collateral
- tibial (medial) collateral
- oblique popliteal
- arcuate popliteal
- patellar ligament
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Where are the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments found?
in intercondylar area
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In which direction do the fibers of the anterior cruciate ligament run?
from lower medial to upper lateral
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In which direction do the fibers of the posterior cruciate ligament run?
from upper medial to lower lateral
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Which cruciate ligament is smaller in diameter and weaker?
ACL
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Which muscle tendon partly overlaps the LCL?
biceps femoris tendon
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Which muscles cross the MCL?
- sartorius
- gracilis
- semitendinosus
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What is the pes anserinus?
- group of muscles that cross the MCL:
- sartorius
- gracilis
- semitendinosus
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Which ligament does the medial meniscus attach to?
MCL
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How do menisci attach to tibia?
ligamentus structures
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Do the menisci attach to the tibia?
no
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Where do the menisci attach?
intercondylar area
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Can the menisci freely shift and adapt to curvature of femoral condyle?
yes
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Which muscles cross the knee joint?
- anterior and posterior actors
- medial and lateral stabilizers
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Which joint as the largest joint area, synovial capsule and bursae?
knee joint
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Is the knee structurally stable or unstable?
unstable
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What keeps the knee functionally strong?
- cruciate ligaments
- cartlages (medial and lateral menisci)
- collateral ligaments (medial and lateral)
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What are potential problems at the knee joint?
- athletic injuries
- infections
- post-surgical complications
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Which arteries supply the knee joint?
- genicular aa.
- branches going to menisci
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Are there arteries in the inter-region of the menisci?
no
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Where does the main arterial supply of the menisci go to?
periphery and diminishes as it goes internally
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Why does it matter that the internal part of the menisci have diminished blood supply?
causes most tears to originate here at the center and not in the periphery
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What is another name for the ankle joint?
talocrural
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What type of joint is the ankle joint?
hinge
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What bones make up the ankle joint?
tibia, fibula, talus
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What movements are possible at the ankle joint?
- flexion "plantar flexion" (to about 55 degrees)
- extension "dorisflexion" (to about 35 degrees)
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What is the articular capsule of the ankle joint?
losse and thin in anterior - posterior orientation
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What is the orientation of the fibers of the articular capsule of the ankle joint?
vertical fibers from edges of articular surfaces on inferior tibia and the malleoli
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What are the ligaments of the ankle joint?
- deltoid (medial collateral)
- lateral collateral
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Which muscles are part of the ankle joint?
any muscle crossing this area andinserting on the foot
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What does stability of the ankle joint depend on?
balance between gravity and muscle pull together work against shapes of bones and direction of ligaments
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Why does western culture demand unstable ankles for women?
because of elevated shoe heels
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What are potential problems of the ankle joint?
- torn ligaments
- -medial collateral
- -lateral collateral
- avulsion of malleoli
- response to movement in more distal joints
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What do the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus provide?
sensory and motor to lower extremity
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What spinal nerves make up the lumbosacral plexus?
L1-S3
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Which spinal nerves does the sciatic nerve arise from?
L4-S3
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What causes sciatica?
protruding disc somewhere in L4-S3 levels compressing the spinal cords that make the sciatic nerve
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