Cancer part 2

• •The development of cancer. A multi-step process involving a
• complex sequence of genetic mutations

• •Changes in the biochemistry of a gene
•  

•Oncogenes

•Tumor Suppressor genes

•DNA repair genes

•Small, but significant changes often in a single nucleotide base

•Removes information from gene that could be as small as a single base or as large as the gene

•Occurs when extra DNA is added into existing gene

•Results from either addition or deletion of one or two nucleotide base pairs and whenthis occurs

• -The “reading frame” is changed so that all the codons read
• after the mutation are incorrect Although
• -The nucleoside base pairs may be still present

•When mutated or expressed at abnormally high levels contributes to converting a normal cell into a cancer cell

• •Responsible
• for repair of errors

• in normal DNA replication
• •Codes for proteins that correct for errors arising when cells duplicate their DNA prior to cell division
• •Maintain genetic stability and minimize the rate at which mutations occur in tumor suppressor genes
• •Mutations in DNA repair genes can lead to a failure in DNA repair, allowing mutations to
• accumulate

• •Genes (heredity)
• •Sex
• •Race
• •Hormones
• •Immunity

•Tobacco

• •Industrial chemicals
• •Radiation
• •Diet
• •Alcohols
• •Chronic infections
• •Medicines

•20-fold greater smoker versus nonsmokers

Tobacco and its various components increase the risk of several types of cancer especially cancer of the lung, mouth, larynx, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, and cervix. Smoking also increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes and chronic lung disease.

• •Asbestos-most common cause of occupational 
• exposure- leads to mesothelioma

•Natural

•Industrial

• •Leukemia
• •breast cancer
• •thyroid cancer

• •Ultraviolet radiation
• •Skin cancer

•20% of cancers associated with chronic infections

• •The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol Given to mothers during pregnancy (1960’s and 1970’s) linked to vaginal cancer in their daughters
• •Cancer chemotherapeutic agents may be carcinogenic

Understand potential risk factors

•Understand potential warning signs

•Understang influence of life-style 

•Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) - most common

•Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

• •Adenocarcinomas
• -Often found in an outer area of the lung

• •Squamous cell carcinomas
• -Usually found in the center of the lung by a bronchus

• •Large cell carcinomas 
• -Occur in any part of the lung
• -Tend to grow and spread faster than the other two cellular types

• ** The most aggressive and fastest growing type of lung cancer
•  Metastasizes more readily throughout body than NSC
• Linked to cigarette smoke exposure

• •Small cell carcinoma (AKA oat cell carcinoma) - Most common of the three types
• •Mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma
• •Combined small cell carcinoma

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 

Small cell lung cancer •SCLC:

•Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

• Most frequently diagnosed cancer in women
• Detected by self-examination of the breast and mammogram
• Less common changes to the breast include thickening, swelling, tenderness, and ulceration
• Male breast cancer is rare

• •Ductal carcinoma
• -Starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple
• -Most breast cancers are of this type

• •Lobular carcinoma
• -Starts in the parts of the breast, called lobules, that produce milk

•Age

•Female gender

•Personal family history

•Genetic risk factors

•Reproductive factors linked to breast cancer

-Long menstrual history-Oral contraceptive use-Never having children-First child after the age of 30

•Harmful mutations to BRCA1 and BRCA2