Ch. 4 - Biology

Plasma Membrane and cytoplasm

an outer membrane that separates the cells contents from its envronment

the plasma membrane encloses a fluid or jellylike mixture of water, sugars, ions and proteins

a fat with three fatty acid tails and a glycerol heat (hydrocarbon tail)

loses hydrophilic character

type of lipid with 4 carbon rings and no fatty acid tails.

-cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D

a lipid w/ a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two ninpolar fatty acids

Measure of how much the energy of a system is dispersed

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Energy can be converted from one to another and thus transferred between objects or systems

Energy tends to dispense spontaneosly

A bid dispenses at each energy transfer usually as heat

energy tends to spread out spontaneosly

Stored Energy

chemical bonds are potential energy

Adenosine triphosphate

-an energy carrier that couples endergonic w/ exergonic reations in cells

The transfer of a phosphate group

• The cycle of using and replenishing atp
• process in which cells regenerate ATP, ADP forms when ATP loses a phospahtegroup

• Energy in
• Reaction that converts molecules w/ lower energy to molecules w. higer energy.
• Requires net input of free energy to proceed

• Energy out
• reaction that converts molecules w. higher energy to molecules w. lower energy

• minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction
• keeps exergonic reations from starting spontaneosly

pockets where substrates bind and where reactions proceed

• Protecting and controlling access to DNA
• separation of DNA from cytoplasm
• makes ribosome subunits'controls access to DNA

Routing, motifying new polypeptide chains; synthesizing lipids: other tasks

Makes enzymes, lipids and protein

destroys toxins reclyces wastes and has other

Modifying new polypeptide chain/ sorting shipping proteins and lipids

• Finishes, sorts, ships lipids, enzymes and proteins
• both for use inside cell or export

transporting, storing, or digesting substances in a cell other functions

Making ATP by glucose breakdown

Energy powerhouse produces man atp by aerobic respiration

Intracellular Digestion, recycles material

recycle bin

Inactivation toxins

Storage

Assembling polypeptide chains

Attached to rough ER and free in cytoplasm

sites of protein synthesis

Assembly of ribosome subunits

Anchor for cytoskeleton

Special centers that produce and organize microtubules

Contributes to cell shape, internal organization, movement

Structural supports imparts shape to cell moves cell and its components

Rough ER VEsicles, Smooth ER Golgi body, Plasma Membrane

MOdifies proteins made by ribosomes attached to it

Makes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates and fats, inactivates toxins

• Specialized in photosynthesis
• some starch storage
• Make sugar, some protists

• Reinforcing cytoskeleton element/
• a fiber of actin subunits

• Fibers that consist primarly o subunits of the globular protein actin.
• -they stregnthen or
• -change the shape of eukaryotic cells

long, hollow cylinders that consist of subunits of the protein tubulin

Stable cythoskeletal element that stuctureally supports cells and tissues