Chapter 5

consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood (cardi/o means heart, vascul means blood vessels, and -ar means pertaining to)

a hollow, muscular organ located between the lungs. it's very effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain the blood flow needed throughout the entire body.

(aka pericardial sac) double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart (peri- means surrounding, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending)

• 1. parietal pericardium is the tough outer layer that forms the fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
• 2. visceral pericardium is the inner layer of the pericaridum
• 3. pericardial fluid found between these two layers, where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction when the heart beats

the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium (epi- means upon, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending)

(aka myocardial muscle) is the middle and thickest of the heart's three layers and consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue (my/o means muscle, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending)

consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart (endo- mean within, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending)

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

are the two upper chambers of the heart. They're the receiving chambers and all blood vessels coming into the heart enter here

are the two lower chambers of the heart. They're the pumping chambers and all blood vessles leaving the heart emerges from the ventricles. The walls of the ventricles are thicker than the atria because they must pump blood throughout the body

controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

located between the left atrium and left ventricle

located between the left atrium and aorta

• 1. Right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from all the tissues, except the lungs, through the superior and inferior vena cavae. Blood flows out the the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
• 2.The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery which carries it to the lungs
• 3. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. The blood flows out of the left atrium through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle
• 4. The left ventricle receive the oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium. Blood flows out of the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta which carries it to all parts of the body except the lungs
• 5. Oxygen-poor blood is returned by the vena cave to the right atrium and the cycle continues

the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs

carries deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. this is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. this is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood.

includes all flow of the blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

located in the psoterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava.

• 1. establishes the basic rhythm and the rate of the heartbeat. For this reason it is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart.
• 2. electricla impulses from the SA node start each wave of muscle contraction in the heart.
• 3. the impulses in the right atrium spreads over the muscles of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneoulsy. This contraction forces blood into the ventricles

receives the impulses from the AV node. located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum. from here is transmits the electrical impulses to the bundle of HIS

a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum. These fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions. These electrical impulses travel onward to the right and left ventricles and the Purkinje fibers

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles. These fibers relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles to contract. This contraction of the ventricles forces blood out of the heart and into tha aorta and pulmonary arteries

due to the stimulation (contraction) of the atria

shows the stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles. The atria relaxes as the ventricles contract

is the recovery(relaxation) of the ventricles

• 1. arteries
• 2. capillaries
• 3. veins

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body. the walls are composed of three layers which makes them muscular and more elastic so they can expand and contract with the pumping beat of the heart.

the largest blood vessel in the body, is the main trunk of the arterial system and begins from the left ventricle of the heart

major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

• 1. common carotid is located on each side of the neck and divides into the
• 2. internal carotid which brings oxygenated blood to the brain
• 3. external carotid brings blood to the face

the smaller, thinner branches of the arteries that carry blood to the capillaries

form a low-pressure collecting system to return deoxygenated blood to the heart. the walls are thinner and less elastic than arteries. veins have valves that enable blood to flow only toward the heart and prevent it from following away from the heart

are smallest veins that joing to form the larger veins

are the two largest veins in the body. these are the veins that return blood into the heart.

transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart

transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart

are only one epithelial cell in thickness, are the smallest blood vessels in the body. they form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of tissues

• 1. arterioles deliver blood to the capillaries. here the rate of flow of arterial blood slows as it enters one end of the bed
• 2.capillaies further slow the flow of blood to allow plasma to flow into the tissues for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials surrounding the cells
• 3. 90% of the fluid, which is now deoxygenated, leaves the opposite end of the  capillary bed through the venules, and it continues to flow as venous blood that increases in speed as it begins to return its journey to the heart. the remaining 10% of this fluid is left behind in the tissues and becomes lymph

the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart

the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

occurs when the ventricle contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery

occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

the fluid tissue in the body. compsed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements

straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products. 91% water. the remaining 9% consist mainly of proteins including clotting proteins

are the clotting proteins found in plasma. they have an important role in clot formation to control bleeding

plasma fluid after the blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed

(aka red blood cells) are mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow (erythr/o means red and -cytes means cell.) primary role of the celss is to transport oxygen to the tissues by the hemoglobin

(aka white blood cells) are involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances (leuk/o means white and -cyte means cell.)

• 1. Neutrophils
• 2. Basophils
• 3. Eosinophils
• 4. Lymphocytes
• 5. Monocytes

are the most common. utilizes phagocytosis to defend against pathogens

are the least common. responsible for the symptoms of allergies

migrate throughout the body. destroys parastic organisms abd play a major role in allergic reactions

identify foreign substances and germs in the body and produce antibodies that specially target them (lymph/o means lymph and -cyte means cell) 

through phagocytosis they provide immunological defended against many infectious organisms

(aka platelets) are the smalles formed elements of the blood (thromb/o means clot and -cyte means cell)

• 1. when a blood vessel is damaged, the thrombocytes are activated and become sticky
• 2. this action causes the thrombocytes to clump together to form a clot that stops the bleeding

classified according to the presence or absence or certain antigens

any substance that the body regards as foreign

• 1. A
• 2. AB
• 3. B
• 4. O

the presence, or absence og the Rh antigen on red blood cells.

gases that are normally dissolved in teh liquid portion of blood (O, CO2, and N)

a physician who specilaizes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, disease, and disorders of the heart (card/i means heart and -ologist means specialist)

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissue (hemat means blood and -ologist means specialist)

a physician who specializes in the disgnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders og the blood vessels

structural abnormalities caused by failure of the heart to devlop normally before birth

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. this creates an insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause angia, myocardial infarction, or death

 is hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries (ather/o means plaque or fatty substance and -sclerosis means abnormal hardening)

found within the lumen of the artery, is a fatty deposit. can protrude outward into the lumen of the vessel or protrude inward onto the wall.

a characteristic of atherosclerosis, is deposit of plaque on or within the aterial wall (ather means plaque and -oma means tumor)

a group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart. these diseases are usually associated with corornary artery disease

a condition in which there's an insufficient oxygen supply due to a restricted blood flow by to a part of the body (isch means hold back and -emia means blood.)

(aka angia pectoris) is a condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. these episodes are due to the ischemia of the heart muscle

(aka heart attack) is the occlusion of one or more corornary arteries caused by plaque buildup.

means total blockage

(aka congestive heart failure) occurs most commonly in the elderly. this is a chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that is receives. the decreased pumping action causes congestion.

abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure when the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for the loss of its pumping ability (cardi/o means heart and -megaly means abnormal enlargement)

inflammation of the heart (card means heart and -itis means inflammation)

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endo- means within, card means heart, and -itis means inflammation)

inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. one cause of this condition bleeding during a dental surgery because it allows bacteria from the mouth to enter the bloodstream

inflammation of the myocardium (my/o means muscle, card means heart, and -itis means inflammation) this uncommon condition can develop as a complication of a viral infection

inflammation of the pericardium that causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac (peri-means surrounding, card means heart, and -itis means inflammation) this fluid restricts the beating of the heatr and reduces the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body

all disease of the heart muscle muscle (cardi/o means heart, my/o means muscle, and -pathy means disease)

abnormal sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels. heart murmurs are most often defective heart valves

 inflammation of a heart valve (valvul mean valve and -itis means inflammation)