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Jurgurtha
- Numidian
- adopted by king Mieipea
- Was to Rule Masinissa
- Murdered 1 brother and drove out the other
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War with Jurgurtha
- Began when Jurgurtha murdered his brother Adherbal
- Sulla persuaded an ally King Bocchus to betray Jurgurtha
- Rome achieved no gain from this war
- Jurgurtha was executed by the Romans
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Numidia
- Ally of Rome
- Located in North Africa
- Capital was Cirta
- Was split between King Bocchus and a brother of Jurgurtha
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Cirta
- Capital city of Numidia
- fell to Julius Caesar
- Was destroyed in the Fourth Century
- was rebuilt by Constantine the Great
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Quintus Caecilius Metellus
- Led Romes forces in Numidia
- Turned the tide of hte war with Jrugurtha
- Was replaced by Marius
- Controlled the battle from 109-108
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Gaius Marius
- Reformed the Roman army
- elected to the senate
- Reestablished the tradition of soldiers giving their loyalty to a general instead of the state
- helped to destroy threat of Germanic Invasion from Gaul
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Cimbri and Teutones
- Migrating germanic Tribes
- defeated by Gaius Marius
- Battle on the Rhone costed the Romans 70,000 troops
- marked the decline of the oligarchy
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Battle of the Aequae Sextiae
- took place in 102 BC
- led by Gaius Marius
- defeated the Teutones and Ambrones
- the captured women committed mass suicide
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Pilum
- A Javelin
- A form of personal artillery
- was perfected for battle by Marius
- was used to disrupt enemy formation
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Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
- Political Rival of Gaius Marius
- was a Tribune
- was stoned to death after being declared a public enemy
- gave land to veterans of the Cimbri and Teutones war
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Lex Provincae
- Divided a province into regions
- marked out tax regions
- divided the province into Conventius for Judicial purposes
- defined the relationships between the senate, magistrates, and popular assembly
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Publicani
- public contractors
- supplied the roman legions
- collected port duties
- oversaw public building projects
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Quaestio de Repetundis
- Special jury court
- heard complaints against senators
- created to hold senators to a higher standard
- proved to be quite ineffective
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Livius Drusus
- Tribune
- took office in 91
- set out to strengthen senatorial rule
- was assassinated after proposing that italians become citizens
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Optimates
- Aristocratic party
- Sulla was a member
- were typically conservative
- dominant group in the Senate
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populares
- allied with Marius
- sought support against the dominant oligarchy
- a patrician political group
- flourished from 133-27 BC
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Social War
- Rebellion waged by Rome's Italian allies
- occured after Livius Drusus was assassinated
- Rome passed law that made all Italians Roman Citizens
- Linked all Italians south of the Po River by an Alliance
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Autumn of 90 BC
- Offered citizenship to all allies which remained loyal to Rome
- Was during the Roman Social Wars
- the offer that was made at this time proved to be grossly ineffective
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Sulpicius Rufus
- Plebian Tribune
- Passed law to enroll the new italian citizens in all 35 tribes
- wanted to recall all exiles
- wanted to exclude all members of the senate who were deeply in debt
- Attempted to replace Sulla with Marius in command of the legions
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Lucius Cornelius Sulla
- Victor of the first full scale civil war in Roman History
- was also dictator
- attempted to strengthen the Republic through Constitutional reforms
- created a precedent in which Julius Caesar could follow
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Lucius Cornelius Cinna
- Leader of the Marian Party who opposed Sulla
- Became Consul in 87
- Was expelled from Rome after proposing the reintroduction of a bill by Rufus
- he then collected an army and captured Rome
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Graeus Pompeius
- Put down Mithrodates in the east
- held control of 3 legions
- was given proconsular powers
- tasked with driving pirates out of the Mediterranean
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Battle of the Colline Gates
- Samnites were recruited by anti-Sullan factors
- sulla won this Battle
- Ended the italian Resistance
- occured in 82 BC
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Sulla's Reforms of the Tribunate
- A man who served as tribune was barred from standing any other office
- tribunes authority was greatly reduced
- was modified because it was the most obvious institution that might seek to oppose Sulla
- Crippled it made it little more than a hollow title
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Quaestiones
- Jury Courts
- Excluded the Equites from Membership in these
- Restricted the Juries to senators only
- occured after sulla became dictator
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Marcus Aemilianus Lepidus
- Senator
- Tried to overthrow the constitution imposed by Sulla
- His proposals were rejected by the senate
- gathered forces in Etruria and marched on Gaul and was defeated
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Quintus Sertorius
- Became governor of Nearer Spain
- Defied the senate
- became independent Ruler of most of Spain for 8 years
- established a senate in Spain composed of 300 members
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Marcus Perperna Veiento
- Leader of the Italian Uprising
- Assassinated Sertorius
- was defeated and executed by Pompey
- Hoped Pompey might reward him for his treachery
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Spartacus
- A thracian
- Established a stronghold for slaves on Mt. Vesuvius
- Was also a slave
- wanted to disperse slaves to their homelands
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Crassus
- Formed the first triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Pompey
- death led to civil war between Caesar and Pompey
- Was the wealthiest man in Rome
- Was elected Censor in 65
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Marcus Antonius
- Roman Praetor
- Given command to destroy pirates in the Mediterranean
- was defeated in Crete
- later annexed Crete to Roman Control
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Mithrodates VI
- Challenged Roman Rule in Asia Minor
- Was champion of Hellenism
- Was invaded by Lucius Murena
- was the Ruler of Pontus
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Lucullus
- Roman general who fought Mithridates
- Severed in the Social war under Sulla
- was Governor of Cilicia and Asia
- one one of Sulla's officers to take part in his March on Rome
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Lucius Sergius Catiline
- attempted to overthrow the republic when cicero was a consul
- served under pompey's father in the social war
- was killed at Pistoria
- governor of Africa from 67-66
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Marcus Tullius Cicero
- Tried to uphold republican principles in the final wars that destroyed the republic
- declined Caesars invitatiion to join the first triumvirate
- Greatest Roman orator
- Innovator of Ciceronian Rhetoric
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Publius Clodius Pulcher
- Enemy of Cicero
- Elected Tribune in 58
- Disguised himself as a woman to gain entrance to a rite
- Caesars wife was disgraced and divorced
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The First Triumvirate
- 3 Man govt
- Was held between Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus
- Was illegal without the backing of Roman law
- designed to wrest a consulship from the optimates
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Julius Caesar
- Roman General and Statesman
- Conqueror of Gaul
- Self appointed perpetual dictator
- was assassinated for launching a series of social and political reforms
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Battle of Carrhae
- Battle that stopped the Roman invasion of Mesopotamia
- Was launched by Crassus
- Rome was defeated
- Crassus was killed causing serious repercussions to Roman political life
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Helvetii
- Celtic people of the Swiss Plateau
- Attempted to migrate to Gaul
- Julius Caesar who was governor of Gaul refused to allow them to do this
- Caesar defeated them near Bibracte
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Julia
- Daughter of Julius Caesar
- Was married to Pompey the Great
- Died in 53
- Was the hinge of the alliance b/w Caesar and Pompey of the First Triumvirate
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Parthians
- feudal empire located in modern day Iran
- was threatened by Crassus
- was a threat to Rome after they invaded Syria
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Crossing the Rubicon
- Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49
- Violated the lex Cornelia Majestatis
- Led to a 3 year civil war
- Resulted in caesar becoming the ruler of the Roman World
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Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
- Leader of the Optimates
- was appointed governor of Gaul after Caesar crossed the Rubicon
- Tried to stop Caesars army from marching into Rome
- was defeated and captured by Caesar at Corfinium
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Battle of Pharsalus
- Battle between Julius Caesar and Pompey
- Occured during the Roman Civil War
- Caesar had half the troops of Pompey
- Pompey's troops were defeated and Pompey fled
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King Pharnaces
- Son of Mithridates
- Sought to reclaim Pontus
- Was defeated at the battle of Zela
- was the battle in which Caesar stated Vini Vidi Vici
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Battle of Zela
- Battle in which Julius Caesar defeated King Pharnaces
- Caesar won the battle
- Took place in Zile
- Was commemorated by Caesar stating Vini Vidi Vici
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Battle of Thapsus
- Took place during the Roman Civil War
- Was between Caesar's troops and the Pompeians
- Caesar's troops overwhelmed the enemy and slaughtered 10,000 of them
- Cato who commanded the city of Utica committed suicide rather than surrender to Caesar
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Battle of Munda
- Conflict that ended the Roman Civil War
- was held between the forces of Pompey and Julius Caesar
- Pompey's Sons had siezed the city of Cordoba in Spain
- Caesar lured the Pompeians into battle and when they retreated, won the war
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Sextus
- younger son of Pompey
- allied with Mark Antony against octavian
- was defeated by Agrippa
- one of Caesars greatest opponents
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Julian Calendar
- dating system established by Julius Caesar
- Was a reform to the Roman Republican Calendar
- Was created to align the Civic and Solar calendars
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Ides of March
- day in which senators decided to kill Julius Caesar
- in which caesar was stabbed by 60 senators
- was led by Brutus and Cassius
- was caused by Caesar attempting to take the power from those in the Senate
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Marcus Junius Brutus
- Praetor who led a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar
- Was a stoic
- was initially a stauch supporter of caesar but it was Caesars pepetual dicatorship that changed his mind
- was defeated in battle by Mark Antony and Octavian at Philippi
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Gaius Cassius Longinus
- A Praetor
- became an active proponent in the plot to assassinate Julius Caesar
- Served under Crassus early on in his Career
- after the assassination was defeated by the Second Triumvirate and committed suicide
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Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
- One of the members of the second Triumvirate
- Ruled both hither and further Spain
- Octavian forced him to Retire
- Became Triumvir in 43 @ Bologna
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Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony)
- Defeated by Octavian in the last of the civil wars of the Roman Republic
- General under Julius Caesar
- served as Triumvir
- committed suicide after rumor of Cleopatra's death
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Gaius Octavius
- First Roman Emperor
- Member of the Second Triumvirate
- Sets up the Principate an autocratic Govt.
- Was recognizeds as a son of God after Caesar's deification
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The Second Triumvirate
- Had a legal backing
- composed of Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus
- Were given the right to rule for 5 years
- were originally tasked with pursuing and punishing Caesars assassins
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Battle of Philippi
- Battle located in the Balkans of Macedonia
- Antony and Octavian fought against Cassius and Brutus
- Antony and Octavian Won the battle
- Antony was the major reason for the victory
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Divi Filius
- Son of God
- referred to Octavian
- was given this title because Caesar his adopted father had been deified
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Perusine War
- A civil war of the Republic
- fought between lucius Antonius and Fulvia in support of Mark Antony
- was fought against Octavian
- Occured because Fulvia felt her husband Antony should be the sole ruler of Rome
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Battle of Naulochus
- fought between the fleets of Sextus Pompeius and Marcus Agrippa
- fought off the coast of Sicily
- Agrippa won
- the victory marked the end of the pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate
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Cleopatra
- egyptian queen
- Caesars lover
- Mark Antony's wife
- Octavian defeated her and antony at the Battle of Actium
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Octavia
- Sister of Octavian
- wife of Mark antony
- was divorced so that antony could marry cleopatra
- marriage was to ease tension between antony and Octavian
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Battle of Actium
- Naval battle off the Coast of western Greece
- Battle where octavian became the undisputed leader of the Roman world
- Came about as a desperation move by antony who was cut off by provisions
- antony fled the battle with cleopatra
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Imperator
- Emperor
- designated the sovereigns of the Roman Empire
- Octavian Augustus was the first
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First Settlement
- Bestowed upon Octavian the name Augustus
- renamed the month of his birth
- was to restore the peace of the republic
- stated that octavian would be elected consul every year
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Second Settlement
- made to increase the authority of Octavius
- He was recognized by the senate as being superior to any other official
- took the power of tribune to be renewed annually until his death
- bestowed upon him the title of Pater Patriae
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Princeps
- First Citizen
- Held by Augustus
- was supposed to mean that he restored the republican institutions
- Actually meant that he had replaced the oligarchy with autocratic rule
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Tribunicia Potestas
- Agrippa shared this power with Augustus
- Became the mark of a designated successor to the Roman Empire
- conferred to Augustus by the Senate
- In 23 BC
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Maius Imperium
- Augustus was granted this by the senate
- referred to the provinces acquired in Asia Minor
- were acquired in the 20's BC
- gave Augustus executive authority over the proconsuls in the provinces
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Peter Patriae
- Father of the country
- bestowed upon augustus
- in 2 BC
- was a title originally given to Romulus
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Commentaries on the Gallic War
- Written by Julius Caesar
- an autobiography
- written in Latin
- description of the battle that took place in the 9 years Caesar spent fighting the Armies of Gaul
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Virgil
- wrote the aenid
- which tells the Aeneas legend and the founding of Rome
- A roman Poet
- Also wrote and alluded to augustus within the work
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Ovid
- Roman Poet
- was supported by Valerius Corvinus
- was banished from Rome to Tomis
- Wrote the Art of Love
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Horace
- Roman Poet
- Satirist
- Son of a Freedman
- wrote Odes and Epistles
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Massacre in the Teutoberg Forest AD9
- Virus sent to the German forest by augustus
- was an attempt to conquer more territory for Rome
- Were attacked in Guerrilla style warfare by Armenius
- 3 legions of Roman soldiers were lost
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Res Gestae
- Acheivements of Augustus
- Were read at the senate upon his death
- was to be inscribed upon his mausoleum
- only 3 copies were ever found
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