Chapter 4

long, slender cells that make up muscles.

sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles ot groups of muscles

pertaining to muscle tissue ans fascia (my/o means muscle, fasci means fascia, and -al means pertaining to)

narrow ban of nonelasticm dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible. They are voluntary and striated

(aka visceral muscle) located in the walls of internal prgans such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from the glands. Their function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures. They are involuntary and unstriated.

(aka myocardium or cardiac muscle) form th muscular walls of the heart (my/o means muscle, cadri meand hearts, and -al means pertaining to.) These muscles are striated

the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.

pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle (neur/o means nerve, muscul means muscle, and -ar means pertaining to)

the tightening of muscle. As the muscle contracts,it becomes shorter and thicker causing teh belly of the muscle to enlarge

occurs when a muscle returns to tis original form. as the muscle relaxes it becomes longer and thinner. the belly of the muscle is no longer enlarged

moves away from hte midline.

moves toward the midline

decreases an angle, as in bending the joint

increase an angle at a joint, as in straightening a joint

raises a body part

lowers a body part

turns a bone on its own axis

is the circular movement at the far end of a limb

turns the palm of the hand upward or forward

turns the palm of the hand downward or backward

bends the foot upward at the ankle

bends the foot downward at the ankle

the less movable attachment, the place where the muscle begins.

the more movable attachment, the place where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon

slanted or at an angle

straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body

ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

crosswise direction

(aka biceps) formed from two divisions (bi- means two and -ceps means head)

(aka triceps) formed from three divisions (tri- means three and -ceps means head)

largest muscle of the buttocks

shaped like an inverted triangle or the Greek letter delta

located at the back of the upper leg and their primary functiona are knee flexion and hip extension. consist of three separate muscles:

• 1. biceps femoris
• 2. semitendinosus
• 3. semimembranosus

specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to devlop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness

a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function

physician who specializes in physical medicine ad rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function

physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia and tendonitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues

specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints and muscles

inflammation of a fascia (fasci means fascia and -itis means inflammation)

debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse and/or specific muscle joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms (fibr/o means fibrous connective tissue, my means muscle, and -algia means pain)

(aka tenalgia) is pain the tendon (ten/o means tendon and -dynia means pain)

(aka tendonitis, tenonitis, and tenontitis)inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint (tendon means tendon and -itis means inflammation)

disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems. Characterized by profound fatigue that isn't improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity

a band of fibrous tissue that hold structures together abnormall. Can form in muscles, or in internal organsm as a result of an injury or surgery

weakness or wearing away of body tissue and structures. Can be pathological or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time

(aka myodynia) tenderness or pain in the muscles (my means muscle and -algia means pain)

the herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it (my/o means muscle and -cele means a hernia)

degeneration of muscle tissue (my/o means muscle, -lysis means destruction or breaking down in disease)

abnormal softening of muscle tissue (my/o means muscle and -malacia means abnormal softening)

the rupture or tearing of a muscle (my/o means muscle and -rrhexis means rupture)

a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body (poly- means many, myos means muscle, -itis means inflammation)

loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging (sarc/o means flesh and -penia means deficiency)

(aka tonus) is the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible

 lacking normal muscle tone or strength (a- means without, ton means tone, and -ic means pertaining to)

condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement (dys- means bad, ton means tone, and -ia means condition)

condition of excessivetone of the skeletal muscles (hyper- means excessive, ton means tone, and -ia means condition)

condition in which there is diminished tone of skeletal muscles (hypo- means deficient, ton means tone, and -ia means condition)

a neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles after a voluntary contraction (my/o means muscle, ton means tone, and -ia means condition)

the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement (a- means without, tax means coordination, and -ia means condition) These movements are often shaky and unsteady and are most frequently caused by abnormal activity in the cerebellum

(aka partial ataxia) a mild form of ataxia (dys- means bad, tax means coordination, and -ia means condition)

the permanent tightening of fascia, musclesm tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissue. The most common causes of contractures are scarring or the lack of use due to immobilization or inactivity.

pain in the leg muscles that occur during exercise and is relieved by rest

sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles

localized muscle spasm for its cause, such as a heat cramp or a writer's cramp

(aka wryneck) is a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

extreme slowness in movement (brady- means slow, kines means movement, -ia means condition) This is one of the conditions for Parkinson's disease

the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as a tic or spasm (dys- means bad, kines means movement, and -ia means condition)

(aka hyperactivity) abnormal increased muscle function or activity (hyper- means excessive, kines means movement, and -ia means condition)

abnormal decreased muscle function or activity (hypo- means deficient, kines means movement, and -ia means condition)

sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or a group of muscles (my/o means muscle, clon means violent action, and -us is a singular noun ending)

jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep

(aka hiccups) myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristics hiccup sound with each spasm

chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles (my means muscle and -asthenia means weakness or lack od strength)

30 gentic diseases that are characterized by progessive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.

the most common form of muscular dystrophy. Affects primarily boys with the onset between the ages of 3-5 years old. The disorder progresses rapidly so that most of these boys are unable to walk by age 12 and later need a respirator to breathe

similar but less severe than Duchenne muscular dustrophy

(aka repetitive motion disorders) a varietyof muscular conditions that reult from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports. These symptoms can be caused by the frequently repeated motions involve muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints

the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles. this syndrome can be caused by trauma, tight bandages or casts, or by repetitive activites such as running

minor tissue injuries that haven't been given time to heal. Such injuries can be caused by spending hours at the computer keyboard or by lenghty sports training sessions.

(aka overuse tendinosis) inflammation of tendons caused by excessive ot unusal use of a joint (tendin- means tendon and -itis means inflammation)

are also overuse injuries

chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body. This condition, which is caused by the development of trigger points, produces local and referred muscle pain.

tender areas that most commonly develop where the fascia comes into contact with a muscle.

occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint. A commono sign is discomfort when raising your arm above your head

an inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff

develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues. This occurs as the irritated tendon weakens and tears

occurs when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflammed and swollen. The swelling creates pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel. This pressure causes pain, burning, and paresthesia in the thumb, index finger, and middle finger.

surgical enlargment of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve nerve pressure

a harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist. Can be caused by repeated minor injuries, is usally painless and doesn't require treatment

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow (epi- means on, condyl means condyle, and -itis means inflammation)

a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment the calcaneus bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis

inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole on the foot. This condition causes foot or heel pain when walking or running

injury to a joint that usually involves a stretched or torn ligament

injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon. Strains are usually associated with overuse injuries that involve a stretched or torn muscle or tendon attachment

painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia. Can develop in the antrolateral muscles or in the posteromedial muscles of the lowe leg. This is usually caused by repeated stress to the lower leg such as running on a hard surface

can be a train or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee. When these muscles contract too quickly an injury can occur that's characterized by sudden and severe pain in the back of the thigh

a painful inflammtion of the achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon

determined by the level of the vertebrae closest to the injury. The higher on the spinal cord the injury occurs, the greater the area of the body that may be affected.Injury occurs when a vertebra is broken and a piece of the bone is pressing into the spinal cord

the person has some function below the level of injury, even though that function isn't normal

there's complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury; however, a complete injury doesn't mean that there's no hope of any improvement.

the loss od sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its supply nerve. Damage can either be temporary or permanent

weakness or slight muscular paralysis (my/o means muscle, -paresis means partial or incomplete paralysis)

slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body (hemi- means half and -paresis means partial or incomplete paralysis)

total paralysis affecting only one side of the body (hemi- means half and -plegia means paralysis) This form of paralysis is usually associated with a stroke or brain damage

paralysis of both legs and lower part of the body

paralysis of all four extremities (quadr/i means four and -plegia means paralysis)

(aka cardiac arrest) is paralysis of the heart muscle (cardi/o means heart and -plegia means paralysis)

tested with a reflex hammer that's used to strike a tendon.

a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength. Range of motion exercises are used to increase strengthm flexibility, and mobility

a diagnostic test that measures the electrical acitivity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation (electr/o means electricity, my/o means muscle, and -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record)

(aka nerve conduction studies) a diagnostic procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity by the electric stimulation of the nerve trunk that carries fibers to and from the muscle (electr/o means electricity, neur/o means nerves, my/o means muscle, and -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record)

(aka anticholingeric) is administered preoperatively to supress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestinem or bladder

is administered to relax xertain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or ther muscle injuries. These medications act on the central nervous system and may have a negative interaction with alcohol and some antidepressants

(aka neuromuscular blocking agent) a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles. These drugs are used as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery to cause the skeletal muscles to relax

the study of human factors that affect the design and opertion of tools and the work environment

consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in normalizing their ability to perform the activities of daily living

treatment to prevent disability or to restore functioning through the use of exercise, heat, massage, and other methods ro improve cirrculation, flexibility, and muscle strength

a specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, TMJ disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome

utilizes high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue. This heat eases pain, reduces muscle spasms, and accelerates healing by increasing the flow of blood into the target tissues

most common first treatment og muscle injuries

• R - rest
• I - ice
• C - compression
• E - elevation

surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure (fasci means fascia and -otomy means surgical incision) Without this procedure, the pressure causes a loss of circulation that damages the affected tissues

surgical repair of the fascia (fasci/o means fascia and -plasty means surgical repair)

surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bones (ten/o means tendon and -desis means to bind or tie together)

(aka tendolysis) the release of a tendon from adhesions (ten/o means tendon and -lysis means to set free)

(aka tenonectomy) the surgical resection of a portion of a tendon or tendon sheath (ten means tendon and -ectomy means surgical removal)

(aka tendinoplasty) surgical repair of a tendon (ten/o means tendon and -plasty means surgical repair)

surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon (ten/o means tendon and -rrhaphy means surgical suturing)

(aka tendotomy) surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by the abnormal shortening of a muscle (ten means tendon and -otomy means surgical incision)

surgical excision of a portion of a muscle (my means muscle and -ectomy means surgical removal)

surgical repair of a muscle (my/o means muscle and -plasty means surgical repair)

surgical suturing a muscle wound (my/o means muscle and -rrhaphy means surgical suturing)

surgical incision into a muscle (my/o means muscle and -otomy means surgical incision)