Reproductive Systems

• before birth - in the ovaries of the fetus 
• arrested at prophase I of meisosis

• After puberty, hormonal changes stimulate the first division and ovulation. This yields a polar body and a large secondary oocyte.
• second meitoic division only occurs when the oocyte has been fertilized by sperm which also produces a polar body.

No, seconday oocyte has to complete meiosis to become the ovum

• Leygdig Cells
• LH

FSH stimulation begins at puberty.

Granulosa cells to secrete the zona pellucida around the egg to protect it. 

Epidydimis - this is called spermatogenisis - usually gain motility

Granulosa cells

• Corpus leuteum
• Placenta if pregancy takes place

When implantation occurs in the fallopian tubes

Ovulation

Progesterone. This lining is important in pregnancy. If no progesterone is made, miscarrages are very likely.

• Follicular phase: primary follicle matures and secretes estrogen
• Ovulatory phase: secondary oocyte is released from the ovary. Triggered by LH surge
• Luteal phase: formation of the corpus luteum which secretes both progesterone and estrogen

Negatively by estrogen, especially after ovulation when the corpus luteum contributes to feedback inhibition

• No menstruation
• Prevention of ovulation because LH and FSH would be inhibited (no LH surge)

• Due to decreased levels of LH which keeps it alive
• LH reduced due to feedback by estrogen and progesterone
• This ensures that ovulation does not occur during pregnancy - this is also why estrogen and progesterone are high during pregnancy

• hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
• hCG take the place of LH in maintaining the corpus leuteum, which in turn maintains estrogen and progesterone production, and as a result, LH is not necessary b/c it is feedbacked

HCG in the mother's urine is the first sign of pregnancy.

Once the placenta is formed, it takes over HCGs actions.

• Meiosis I - prior to ovulation (before birth) --Primary oocyte
• (secondary oocyte upon ovulation)
• Meiosis II - after fertilization -- Ovum 

*Fertilization happens only AFTER the Ovum forms  

• Fast: depolarization due to influx of sodium
• Slow: Ca influx (caused by depol) = cortical reaction which hardens the zona pellucida and increasing metabolism and protein synthesis

Nope

• morula: initial repetative mitotic divisions of teh zygote
• blastula: which has the tropoblast (plancenta) and inner cell mass (embryo) - lodges in the uterus and is comprised of embryonic stem cells
• gastrulation: designation of 3 primary germ layers 
• neurula: notochord induces ectodermal tissue 
•  

• Menstruation will occur resulting in a miscarriage
• This is either because (1) progesterone levels are not maintained (2) LH levels are decreased which they should but (3) hCG not produced which maintains the corpus luteum.

• After the first trimester when it is developed
• this allows hCG release to be halted and corpus leuteum to be degenerated
• remember, estrogen and progesteroe levels are still high so LH and FSH are low so ovarian cycle does not continue

• Ectoderm: nervous system, skin, pituitary gland, cornea, lens, nasal, oral, anal epithelium
• Mesoderm: all muscle, bone, and connective tissue (including blood), cardiovascular and lymphatic system, kidneys, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts
• Endoderm: GI tract and epithelia, GI glands (liver, pancrease, gallbladder, etc), respiratory epithelium, bladder, epithelial lining of urogenital organs

• "Point and Shoot"
• Erection - para
• Ejaculation - sympa

Mitosis

Stimulates germ cells to become sperm and promotes male secondary sex characteristics, closing of epiphyseal plates 

Leydig cells ; testosterone

Sertoli Cells to nurture spermatocytes and spermatids 

The seminiferous tubules

Spermatagonia --> spermatocytes --> spermatids --> spermatozoa

Energy and thus mitochondria in its mid portion to power the tail, allowing it to swim to the egg

Seminiferous tubules (secretion) --> epididymus (maturation) --> vas deferens --> urethra 

Fluid from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral/Cowper's glands 

The vagina

Theca cells are stimulated to secrete estrogen

Normally estrogen negatively feedbacks on LH. 

But during ovulation...rapidly raising estradiol levels actually cause a surge in LH levels <-- luteal surge, thereby inducing a positive feedback effect.  

• 1. A burst follicle ----> corpus luteum 
• 2. A secondary oocyte  

It is the bust follicle without the oocyte. 

The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone throughout pregnancy...if the female is NOT preggers, the corpus luteum degrades into the corpus albicans.  

In the fallopian tube