Pop Music Quiz 2

European forms

• (hint: ALL C's)
• Contra dance
• Couples dance
• Cakewalk

Early form of dance in America in which the slaves were making fun of the contra dance of their owners. Whoever won received a cake.

Contra dance (it was a mockery from the slaves)

Dance setting for upper-class, with a dance master who calls out dance steps, place with high culture

• Recruiting - as use of a pep band.
• AND
• On the front line - literally in the battle to frighten enemies.

They went home and started local bands

"Playing wind instruments makes you healthy, strings not so much."

Adolfo Sax

Horn w/ no valves, ophicleide, and serpent

Patrick Gilmore conducted 1/2,000 players and 10/20,000 singers at one time to celebrate the end of the Civil War/Franco-Prussian War

National Peace Jubilee and World Peace Jubilee

• Started on violin (Fun fact)
• Focused on conducting and composing
• He wrote more than just band music
• Toured for 40 years
• Great business man
• Founding member of ASCAP
• Stars and Stripes Forever

• FORM - AABBCDCDC
• COMPOSER - John Phillip Sousa
• GENRE - March
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -Trio has famous piccolo part and then the famous trombone part

• Named after the genre and the part of the city (some random alley)
• The longest era of genre that we study (1880s-1960s)
• Publishers were in control of what happened musically
• People wrote their own songs and lyrics (very industrialized)
• Got $ for however many songs you wrote

Tin Pan Alley (1880s-1960s)

Tin Pan Alley - you got money for however many songs you sold.

Through Vaudville shows

Placing accents on traditionally weak beats

Marches. They were sectionalized - think S&SF, like AABBACCC, AABBCCDD, etc. (even had key changes within it like the trio of a march)

A piano that records the motions of its player and later plays back what the player had done previously. This is how we have Scott Joplin recordings of the Maple Leaf Rag.

Ragtime music

Essentially, for our purposes, it is what keeps time in ragtime music - it is the lower left-hand pattern going on in the piano

• Associated with marches and ragtime pieces.
• For example ("Maple Leaf Rag") AABBA/CCDD
• 
  

Multisectional

CHR(O)SS

• The Castles hired him to accompany dances.
• He accompanied the Hellfighters (Af.Am. regiment) to France.
• Signed the first Recording contract of an Af.Am. band.
• His group was the (O)SS... Syncopated Society Orchestra.. (The vowel had to go somewhere, alright, asshole?!)

It was a special African American musician's union

Clef Club

No (very few). However, they had the Clef Club, so they were okay for the most part.

to make livelier or faster

Stemmed from an Uptown vs. Downtown rivalry in New Orleans, followed by unity when "seperate but equal" laws came into effect. First recording - Dixieland Jazz Band. ("Tiger Rag")

Original jazz recording, "Tiger Rag"

• COMPOSER: LaRocca
• RECORDED BY: Dixieland Jazz Band
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: african roots (tailgating, dirty sounds, collective improvisation)
• GENRE: JAZZ JAZZ JAZZ NOT RAG

It was a place in New Orleans where Af.Am's were allowed to dance and play music.

Congo Square

Children of French or Spanish men who had slave mistresses - their families I guess. It says they were lighter skinned, and thus had more access to education, classical training, etc.

Creole

Composer of "Tiger Rag"

A jazz practice derived from African music in which several musicians improvise at once

"collective improvisation"

Scooping between pitches, hitting microtones in between. Slang for this is called "tailgating"

Glissando

• Closely related to Broadway
• Tin Pan Alley composers would write for these shows to gain popularity.
• It replaced the Minstrel Show as the most important medium for popularization.
• 
  

Vaudeville

• Composers that would market very aggressively (TPA)
• They used various persuasion tactics (free copy of new song, favors, flat fee, % of profits, etc)

Song pluggers

• Had a homogenous style
• It was dominated by a few composers
• Changed with the decades (parlor-dance-sentimental)
• Adapted subordinate genres of music (rag)
• Text serves as form of escape

• A songwriter, music publisher, and banjo player
• He was musically illiterate
• Started his own publishing company
• Wrote "After the Ball"

Charles K. Harris

• COMPOSER - Harris (who made $25,000 a week off it)
• FORM - Verse/chorus
• GENRE - Tin Pan Alley Ballad
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - Emphasis on the Chorus, this verse/chorus was emulated by many others

The integration of an immigrant, outsider, or subordinate group into the dominant, host community

What is: "assimilation"

• He epitomized the Tin Pan Alley era
• Born in Russia
• Son of a jewish cantor
• He was a song plugger
• Owned a publishing company, established a theater

Songs that portrayed members of ethnic groups in humorous but demeaning ways

"Ethnic novelty songs"

• Emigrated from Russia in 1890s
• Brothers
• George composed Rhapsody in Blue, Porgy and Bess
• Successful in classical and popular genres
• Tolerant of Af.Am.'s, composed in their style and worked w/ them

Typically verse/refrain form, with an AABA refrain.

Tin Pan Alley

• The main dude from the "Jazz Singer"
• A Vaudeville entertainer who performed in Blackface
• Sang on one knee (his trademark)
• Son of a jewish cantor

• Al Jolson ("Jazz Singer")
• Irving Berlin (the song plugger who "epitomized TPA")

A vocal style that was smooth and personal enabled by invention of the microphone (Sinatra used this)

"crooning"

• Made in 1927
• Based on the life of Al Jolson
• Had a jewish cantor as a father who didn't approve of his son's jazz singing

• Method of recording and playing back music
• 6 inches
• replaced by 12" discs

Catalogues had to be segregated just like everything else, so when buying music and browsing, the two were separated

• It grew out of small orchestras that played in clubs/restaurants
• Mainly white groups (ODJB)
• Replaced black ragtime bands
• Sax replaced clarinet
• Fletcher Henderson created with starting it?

• He is credited with creating the big band genre by using a new approach with arranging the ensemble
• Louis armstrong played with him

Fletcher Henderson

• A classically trained racist violinist
• Hired the best white jazz musician
• Commissioned George Gersh. to write rhapsody in blue
• Had a series of concerts in NYC "Experiment in Modern Music"
• Symphonic jazz - not even SWUNG!

• What Whiteman would play
• symphonic jazz
• smooth syncopation
• no solos

• Duke Ellington
• Contrasted with "sweet" Whiteman style
• (real jazz)

Bass player playing on all four beats

Walking bass

drummer playing on all four beats

Four on the floor

• Afr.Am. cultural movement 20's & 30's
• Black writers, actors, musicians, artists explored their culture and celebrated heritage
• Black middle class was in Harlem

• Places like the Cotton Club, Apollo Theater
• Clubs in black neighborhoods in large cities where blacks and whites mixed
• Arose during prohibition
• Training ground for both black and white jazz musicians

Movements and improvisation of black dances with the formal 8-count structure of European partner dances

Lindy Hop

The white response to the Lindy Hop, a little more tame than the Lindy hop

• Most famous of NYC's nightclubs in the 20s and 30s
• Black performers, white audience
• Most prominent jazz musicians of the day (Ella F, Louis A, NatKCole, etc)
• Ellington's band performed there

• Famous for big band jazz, but composed in wide range of styles
• Played both hot and sweet style
• Wrote over 2,000 compositions
• famous for the "jungle style"

Took sounds from the environment, and blended with african roots

It grew out of black musical practices

• Most popular performer of the swing era
• Specialized in hot, syncopated jazz
• Had a show "Let's Dance"

Ellington made this a thing, basically combo music

• He came from a wealthy family,
• studied music at Yale
• Worked with Goodman
• Helped integrate the music world (black/white)

African american itinerant musicians, characterized with banjos, fiddles, etc.

Songsters

AAB... 12-bar blues

Blues (12-bars?)

Flattened 3rd, 5th, and 7th

• Mississippi Delta (poor as hell)
• More improvisatory, free form, had an oral tradition, voice and guitar

• Traveling musician,
• Over 80 songs, 100 recordings
• Had a pseudonym for when he played other music because Blues was the devil's music
• Sang "Black Snake Moan"

• Most famous rural blues artist
• Sold his soul to the devil
• Died early by poison from the man who's wife he was sleeping with
• "Crossroad blues"

• It was more composed,
• had a 12-bar structure,
• had sheet music,
• had TPA influence,
• more instruments used.

• Composed vs. improv
• 12-bar form vs. free form
• sheet music vs. oral tradition
• more instruments vs. small ensemble

• They booked touring shows throughout the country
• White-owned
• Touring conditions varied WIDELY

• "Father of the Blues"
• Made the first Afr. Am. publishing house
• Major role in the popularization of blues

They went around recording various songsters and blues artists, making it more famous

Blind Lemon Jefferson

Leadbelly

A travelling show featuring music and other entertainment designed to attract a audience in order to pitch them a product.

"medicine show"

• A term used for Country music until at least WW2
• Before country music became popular that's what they'd call it
• Poor southern whites
• Some embraced it

• Developed in Hawaii, it had a slack key, tuned all notes to major triad
• Used with a sliding comb - produces glissandos
• Popular in hillbilly /country music

A resonoator guitar, made to produced a greater volume than conventional guitar (before amplification was a thing)

Dobro

• A talent scout for Okeh Records
• Began the distinction between "race" and "hillbilly" music

Ralph Peer.

Performance venue and radio show, featuring string bands, traditional singers, gospel quartets, and banjo players as well as comedians and announcers

Grand Ole Opry

Series of recording sessions in 1927 by Ralph Peer that popularized both known and new musicians.

Bristol Sessions

• Conservative Country group
• "Keep on the Sunny Side"

The Carter Family

• Famous blues guitarist
• Helped the Carters record folk songs

Leslie Riddle

• 1st hillbilly star
• known for his yodeling
• "Waiting for a Train"

Jimmie Rodgers

Country/hillbilly songs - came from german origin, adapted by both blacks and whites

African musical idea of music as an activity not just for entertainment, a communal activity.

Communalism

A low-status travelling professional musician/historian

An African-American derived body drumming technique

Patting juba

African derived shuffling circular dance of chanting and hand-clapping that puts participants in a trance

Ring shout

• GENRE - Black spiritual/ring shout
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - Blends European hymns, Call and response, strophic, repetitive, handclapping
• 
  

• GENRE - Field Holler
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - arhythmic, wailing quality, melancholy, "ohh"
• FORM - Verse/refrain

• GENRE - Work song
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - rhythmic pulse of hammers, makes work easier
• FORM - verse/refrain

• GENRE - songsters
• GROUP - Carolina Chocolate Drops
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - kill yourself.. played with bones and jug, bass and banjo

"Cornbread and Butterbeans" by Carolina Chocolate Drops

"Arwhoolie" - a field holler

It is called "Kneebone", and it is a black spiritual/ring shout

"Black Snake Moan" by Blind Lemon Jefferson

• GENRE - Country blues
• COMPOSER (kinda) - Blind Lemon Jefferson
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - moaning, improvisatory, guitar accompaniment

"Crossroad Blues" by Robert Johnson (most famous blues artist)

• GENRE - Country blues
• COMPOSER (kinda) - Robert Johnson
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - improvisatory, free form sounding, voice and guitar

"Empty Bed Blues" - (she's sad that her bed is empty) Bessie Smith

• GENRE - Classic blues
• FORM - 12 bar blues
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - voice, trombone,piano, altered timbre, tailgate technique (glissando)

"Keep on the Sunny Side" - Carter Family

• GENRE: hillbilly
• COMPOSERS: Carter Family
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Guitar, southern dialect,

"Waitin for a Train" - Jimmie Rodgers

• FORM - strophic
• GENRE - ballad (all about story!)
• MELODY - pentatonic
• COMPOSER - anonymous
• 243 different versions in the Library of Congress

• COMPOSER - Dan Emmett
• FORM - verse/chorus
• CHARACTERISTICS - major mode, banjo accompaniment, bones accompaniment
• GENRE - Minstrel show

Music becomes a product that can be bought or sold

folk music

Genre that tends to be simple in form and structure, shared by a particular community and passed down through oral tradition.

Minstrel show

Commodification

Minstrel show character and song

Famous minstrel show composer and performer

He was a tanner who wrote hymns and patriotic songs

Jim Crow

Thomas Dartmouth Rice

William Billings

The first important composer in the U.S.

Stephen Foster

A British scholar and collector of ballads

Cecil Sharp

It is biased in that it includes implied judgments on the value of popular music v. classical music.

subordinate cultures

Creating new music genres, ironically.

• Music written out in a manner so that music-illiterate singers can participate.
• Often used in hymns for mass participation.
• Notes are different shapes for quicker associations (triangles, squares, etc)

Shape-note singing

• Songs that were sung at home
• Typically simple so that many could participate
• (SOMETIMES song by professionals)
• Easy accompinament

• The first music book made in America
• Had a vast collection of different hymns

Parlor songs

Bay Psalm Book

• First person to truly account for pop music as a legitimate study.
• Studied at the Frankfurt School.
• Influenced by Karl Marx
• Classically trained (Alban Berg)
• Thought pop music was partially damaging society

Theodore Adorno

a ballad composed and written on a newspaper-like pamphlet that people could purchase at a market

influenced from a European tradition, this is where people would go to socialize (beautiful, lush gardens) and often hear music in the form of small groups

broadside ballad

pleasure garden

a process of learning music in a more simple manner, done by first simply singing melody without words and generally getting more complex by adding lyrics

lining out

Humanly organized sound

music

It has to do with a cycle of influences - essentially an argument can be made either way, that people are influencing popular music with their culture (music OF the people) or music is influencing how culture is effected, controlled by ... who? (music FOR the people)

the dominant view of Western culture that privileges European-derived cultural forms and generally reflects white, upper middle-class, heterosexual male perspectives

Eurocentrism

study of folk and traditional music of the entire world (broadened to include any type of music and surrounding culture)

A song that tells a story

Ballad

Strophic

same melody repeating with different words

strophic

whites blackened their face with burnt cork, exaggerated their facial features - performed with pretty crazy racial stereotypes.

blackface

• He wrote the song "Jim Crow", which became a stock character in minstrel shows.
• He also toured Europe in the 1830s

Thomas Dartmouth Rice. He even toured around after gaining fame in the 1830s

Another character in minstrel shows that parodied upper-class "city-slickers", of course performed in blackface

The "Zip Coon" character

Typically the so-called "master of ceremonies" (not blackface) of the minstrel shows. He was an upper-class white character, with refined vocabulary.

Interlocuter

• He wrote "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair"
• Wrote over 200 songs, including more than just folk songs
• He was the first important composer of American songs
• First to live solely from sales of compositions

Stephen Foster

Stephen Foster

• The youth of the 1950s who "invented" the teenager as a commercial and cultural entity
• Record companies started targeting them
• 1/3 of total record-buying population

As a new generation they were the focus for record companies, as they used the new music as a form of rebellion

• It spread culture of consumerism, and was one of the most popular venues of music as by 1955 nearly 2/3 of American households had TVs.
• It was presented "live" and included teenagers dancing to records
• Hosted by Dick Clark
• Soldified growing youth culture

• Pop Music
• Country/Western Music
• R&B

• Rhythmic R&B style
• Evolved from black big bands
• Featured simple riffs, blues-based tunes, explosive improvised solos and spontaneity

• Famous for his jump blues
• Saxophonist, singer, and band leader
• His band was "The Tympani Five"
• Grandfather of rap

• Big Companies: ASCAP, Independents: BMI
• Big Companies: White audience, Independents: teens, country, R&B, etc.
• Big Companies: Older exec's out of touch with baby boomers, Independents: attuned to new teen market

• Famous DJ in 50s.
• Promoted R&B on his radio show
• Refused to play white cover versions
• Among first to term "rock n' roll"
• Charged with 26 counts of bribery

• The first white artist to successfully adapt R&B style for a mass pop audience
• "Rock Around the Clock" was his big hit

Bill Haley

Bill Haley

• MOVIE, not a song
• Featured the first rock song ("Rock around the clock")
• Was about teenage rebellion in schools and how crazy things were getting
• The rock song symbolized the teenage rebellion

• There was a big argument over "borrowing vs. stealing"
• Oftentimes social inequality (white people covering black songs)
• Major record labels would try to cash in on discoveries of independents

• Paula Watson recorded "A little Bird Told Me", which was then stolen by some white chick Evelyn Knight
• Supreme (record company) pissed off, and sues Decca (other record company).
• Decca won, musical arrangements were not copyrighted property

• He was known for his visually flamboyant styles, sang R&B
• Had an uninhibited shouting style
• Sang "Tutti Frutti"
• Renounced career later to study at a Christian University

• R&B singer/guitarist famous for his "duck walk"
• Would have been "king of rock n' roll" if not for racism

Chuck Berry (first name.. rhymes with duck....get it!?)

• First to have a chart first in Pop, R&B and country/western charts simultaneously
• Had a suggestive performing style
• Filmed from the waist-up on Ed Sullivan show because of this

She originally sang "Hound Dog", was a big hit on R&B charts

Big Mama Thornton

• He built his career by "sanitizing" the classics
• Took Little Richard's "Tutti Frutti"
• Helped gain exposure for musicians

• a bribe was given by record companies to radio stations to promote certain records (common practice back then)
• DJ's were being brought commercial bribery charges
• 25 DJs/program directors were caught in the scandal
• Not enough hard evidence
• Later outright forbidden in FCA Act of 1960
• Alan Freed got screwed with 26 counts of bribery

• 1950s, new generation of white, middle-class teen idols sprouted
• Meant to put a bland, white, middle-class face on rock n' roll
• Centered in Philadelphia
• Emphasis on image

• There are over 243 different versions
• GENRE - ballad
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - pentatonic scale, tells the story of Barbara Allen
• FORM -strophic
• COMPOSER - anonymous

• Child was an American that collected British ballads.
• Sharp was a Brit that collected American ballads.

British scholar who collected U.S. ballads

American scholar who collected British ballads.

Cecil Sharp

Francis Child

Barbara Allen (anonymous, ballad, strophic, 243, etc.)

Out in the merry month of something... where the green grass grows (I think...)... (it's pentatonic.... you got it)

• GENRE - Minstrel show
• COMPOSER - Dan Emmett
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - features banjo, fiddle, drums, has "Ethiopian dialect", syncopation

It is "De Boatmen's Dance" (minstrel show, Dan Emmett, banjo, fiddle, drums, Ethiopian dialect, syncopation)

"High ho, de boatman row, floatin' down the river Ohio....dance de boatman daaaance, dance de boatman dance, oooh something something"

• GENRE - parlor song
• COMPOSER - Stephen Foster
• FORM - AABA
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - simple, major scales, predictable forms, easy accomp.,

Probably "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair" (parlor, Stephen Foster, AABA, simple, major scales, predictable forms, easy accompaniment)

I dreeeeam of Jeanie with the light, brown, haair... Born like a VApor on the summer airr..... I see.... (etc)

• GENRE - ballad/parlor song/Early TPA song
• COMPOSER - Charles Harris
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - band accompaniment/strings, tells a tale, emphasis on the chorus!, influential in TPA
• FORM - 3 verse ballad, 32 bars

Probably "After the ball" (C. Harris, ballad/parlor song/Early TPA, band accompaniment/strings, 6/8, emphasis on chorus)

• (6/8) mi, sol mi, la, mi, sol mi, la mi, ti,
•          fa, la fa, ti, fa, ti, ^mi re, mi
•         (etc..)

• GENRE - ragtime
• COMPOSER - Scott Joplin
• FORM - multi-sectional, like marches (AABBCDCD, etc.)
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - piano piece, syncopated, oom pah,

Berlin was credited, but later Joplin has received more fame.

"Maple Leaf Rag" (ragtime, Scott Joplin, multi-sectional, piano solo, syncopated, oompah)

• FORM - AABBCDCDC
• COMPOSER - John Phillip Sousa
• GENRE - March
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -Trio has famous piccolo part and then the famous trombone part

• COMPOSER: LaRocca
• RECORDED BY: Dixieland Jazz Band
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: african roots (tailgating, dirty sounds, collective improvisation)
• GENRE: JAZZ JAZZ JAZZ NOT RAG

JAZZ. JAZZ. NOT RAG. JAZZ.

• GENRE - hillbilly
• COMPOSER/SINGER - Jimmie Rodgers
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - yodeling, train whistle in beginning, trumpet acc. as well, guitar, hawaiian guitar, etc.

• 1st hillbilly star
• Added blues to country
• "Blue Yodel"
• First to add different instruments like hawaiian guitar

• GENRE - Swing
• COMPOSER - Fletcher Henderson
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - call and response, walking bass, four on the floor, syncopation,
• FORM - 4 choruses

• He used the new approach for arranging big bands (saxes)
• Louis Armstrong played with him
• He wrote "Wrappin it Up"
• Worked with Goodman

• GENRE - sweet jazz (not hot jazz)
• COMPOSER - Paul Whiteman
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - smooth syncopation, no raucous solos

• GENRE - swing
• COMPOSER - Ellington
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - plunger solo in trombone, starts with violin intro, muted brass, blended instruments from different sections, accents and syncopation, vibrato at end of long notes

• GENRE - Jump blues
• COMPOSER - Louis Jordan
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - aggressive, rhythmic R&B evolved out of big bands, simple riffs, blues-based tunes, explosive solos

• GENRE - R&B/rock 'n' roll
• COMPOSER - Big Joe Turner... (Bill Haley stole it from him)
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - bel canto voice style, big band accompaniment, blues influence (bill haley just adapted the R&B for a mass pop audience)

• GENRE - R&B/ rock 'n' roll
• PERFORMERS - Big Mama Thornton/Elvis Presley
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - simple riffs, blues-based tunes, Big Mama had growl timbre,

• GENRE - Schlock rock
• PERFORMER - Bobby Vinton
• MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS - syncopation, guitar, choral accompaniment, emphasis on image over talent

Teen Idol, schlock rock, blue velvet