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What can zoonotic tapes cause? Symptomatically
- intestinal cramping
- diarrhea
- anal pruritis
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What are the common zoonotic tapes?
- Taenia multicpes
- Taenia serialis
- Taenia crassiceps
- Echinococcus granulosus
- Echinococcus multiocularis
- Dipylidium caninum
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What is the most frequently seen zoonotic cestode?
Dipylidium caninum
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__ are the primary definitive host for the most of the serious and often fatal tape infections
Wild Animals
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What are the two forms of Echinococcosis in humans?
- Echinococcus granulosus
- Echinococcus multilocularis
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What is Echinococcus granulosus called?
the hydatid cyst
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__ this larval parasite migrates through the liver and lungs, treatment is possible but surgery is often preferred.
Echinococcus granulosus
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__ is found in the Northern US. This is more serious form because treatment is not successful and surgery is far more dangerous. It looks like a tumor
Echinococcus multilocularis
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What is the cestode morphology? (3 parts)
stobila, proglottids, scolex
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What is the function of the cestodes to spend time in the intermediate host?
Develop the scolex
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What is the description of the Eucesoda scolex Dipylidium and Taenia?
- four radial cups (suckers)
- rostellum, which may or may not be retractable, has hooks
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What is the description of the Eucesoda scolex Anoplocephala and Monezia?
- four radial cups
- small to no rostellum with NO vestigil hooks
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What is the description of the Cotyloda scolex Diphyllobothrium and Spirometra?
weak cups and no rostellum or hooks
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Where are the pores located on Taenia?
one on the margin
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Where are the pores located on Mesocestoides?
one in the center
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Where are the pores located on Dipylidium?
two, one on each margin
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According to the literature the eggs are not suppose to pass out of the pores until the __ is discharged or the proglottid is damaged in the intestinal tract
gravid proglottid
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What is term meaning "egg"?
oncosphere
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__These aquatic forms discharge their eggs in the intestines
Diphyllobothrium
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What is the (3) things that make an egg structure?
- 1. Egg gapsule
- 2. Embryophore
- 3. Oncosphere
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__ externally to protect the embryo
Egg Capsule
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__ serves as a waste disposal area as well as a port for nutrition and protection
Embryophore
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__ the vermiform embryo itself
Oncosphere
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the term __ is applied to all cestode stages that parasitize the intermediate host
metacestode
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The onchosphere, upon hatching from the embryophore, becomes stage of the __ development
metacestodal
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__ is a family of cestode found in the northern stages of US
Mesocestodes
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Tapes and their larvae are named according to the number of _ and __ they posses
bladder and scolex
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Cysticerus- one bladder and one scolex and all belong to the Genus __
Taenia
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Eucestode metacestodes utilize only __ intermediate host; however the aquatic tapes must have __ intermediate host
one-- two
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What are the 2 intermediate host typically required for aquatic tapes?
- 1st- crustacean (example snail or clam)
- 2nd- alsmo must be aquatic (fish) but it can be an amphibian (frog)
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What is the phylum, class, order and family of Dipylidium caninum?
- phylum- Platyhelminthes
- class- Cestoda
- Order- Cyclophyllidea
- Family- Dilepididae
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What are some characteristics of Dipylidium caninum?
- rostellum with hooks
- mature proglottids have two sets of sex organs with dual openings
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What is the Dipylidium life cycle?
- onchospheres emerge from the proglottids once they are passed
- eggs are ingested by fleas or lice within which the eggs hatch and migrate to body cavity
- the tapeworm develops into a cysticercoid stage with maturation of the scolex
- the fleas or lice are then accidentally ingested by molts in the intestines of the definitive host
- while in the intestines, the mature tape develops (2-3 weeks) liberating thousands of eggs
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What is the life cycles of taenia? (all indirect)
- Eggs are laid in contaminated soil
- egg is consumed by intermediate vertebrate host
- egg hatches in the intermediate host and attaches hexacanth(1st stage developing tapeworm) embryos which are the first stage larvae. The embryos move to organs and develops scolices
- in the organ(liver) embryo differentiates to 2nd stage
- the definitive host now eats the intermediate
- the scolices attaches to intestinal wall, maturing begins
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Phylum class order and family for Taenia
- Phylum- Plathelminthes
- Class- Cestoda
- Order- Cyclophyllidea
- Family- Taeniidae
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__ although it is listed as a parasite of wolves, foxes, and carnivores including the cat, the dog is still considered the definitive host
Taenia pisiformis
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Intermediate host for Taenia pisiformis can be rabbits, rats and squirrels as well as many different rodents; however the __ is considered the definitve intermediate host
Rabbit
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__ many felines can serve as the definitive host for this parasite with any number of rodents serving as an ideal intermediate host
Taenia taeniaformis
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the mestacestodal form of __ will inhabit the liver in the rodent
Taenia taeniaformis
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Cysticercus taeniaformis/fasicolaris, there is much damage to the liver and the rodent may die before being consumed by a __
feline
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__ found in the intestines of wild dogs, coyotes, and wolves, the dog is still the definitive host
Taenia hydatigena
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__ utilizes the sheep, cattle and swine as their intermediate host.
Cysticerus tenuicollis
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Another name for the larval stage Cysticercus tenuicollis is the __
"thin-necked bladder worm"
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These metacestodal forms do not inhabit the liver but attach to the mesentery in the peritoneal cavity __
Cysticercus tenuicollis
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What is mesentery?
connects organ to the wall
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__ the dog and wolves are considered the definitive host with the intermediate host being anything from man, sheep, cattle and moose
Echinococcus granulosus
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Eggs of Echinococcus granulosus are ingested, and go into circulation and lodge in the __ and __
liver and lungs
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When Echinococcus granulosus develop into mesocestodes with multiple scolices, they are called the __
hydatid cysts
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Echinococcus granulosus is known as the __ in man
Cystic Hydatid Disease
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This form of Echinococcus is caused by __, which is mush more serious since treatment is not successful and surgery of the many lobes of the cancerous lung tumor is often unsuccessful
Echinococcus multiocularis
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How do humans contract Echinococcus multiocularis?
by handling dogs or cats which eat rodents or by eating fruits or vegetables grown in soil contaminated by feces of foxes, coyotes, or infected dog
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This form of Echinococcus multiocularis in the human is called __ and is most commonly seen in the lungs
Alveolar Hydatid Disease
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What is the Phylum, class, order, and family of the cestodes of Equine?
- Phylum- Platyhelminthes
- Class- Cestoda
- Order- Cyclophyllidea
- Family- Anocephalidae
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What does Anoplocephala look like, morphologically?
possess scolices without hooks and some have double female reproductive organs
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__ all live in the intestines of horses and are considered the primary cestodes of horses; however, they can also live and reproduce in herbivorous mammals as well as monkey and birds
Anoplocephala sp.
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The metacestodal stage of anaplocephala is a cysticercoid utilizing __ primarily as the intermediate host
mites
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__ is the primary cestode in the southwest part of the US and is of little threat as most anthelmintics easily rid the equine of this parasite due to a lack of hooks
Anoplocephala perfoliata
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Strongid- T
Pyrantel Tartate
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Strongid- C
Pyrantel pamoate
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Anoplocephalas of horse are able to parazitize the ruminants; however two parasites are seen most commonly in cow, sheep and goat:
- 1. Moniezia expanza
- 2. Moniezia benedini
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What are two eggs that are in groups or packets?
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What is the metacestodes for Taenia pisiformis (dog)?
Cysticercus pisiformis (rabbit)
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What is the metacestodes for Taenia hydatigena (dog)?
Cysticercus tenuicollis (sheep, cattle, swine)
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What is the metacestodes for Taenia solium (man)?
Cysticercus cellulosae (swine, man)
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What is the metacestodes for Taenia ovis (dog)?
Cysticercus ovis (sheep)
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What is the metacestodes for Taenia taeniaeformis/hydatigera (cat)?
Cysticercus fasciolaris
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What is the metacestodes for Echinococcus granulosus(dog)
Hydatid cyst (man, sheep)
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all__ have mulitple scolices, and are usually found in the liver or lungs and my in time grow as large as a grapefruit
hydatid
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free living mites of the __ serve as hosts for cysticercoids of the family anoplocephalidea, which includes all the adult tapeworms of horses, cattle, sheep and goats
Oribatei
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fleas
Ctenocephalides spp
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biting lice
Trichodectes canis
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The infective larvae of Mesocestoides is called__
tetrathyridium
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