Land Ocean

Marine reserve, Wildlife Sanctuary, National Park

Strict nature/wilderness: preserve protection area mainly managed for science or wilderness protection

Wilderness area protected and manages mainly for wilderness protection

National park: protected area managed mainly for ecosystem protection and recreation

Natural monument: conservation of natural features

Habitat/species management area: conservation through management intervention

Protected landscapes/seascapes: managed for conservation or recreation

Manage resource area: sustainable natural resources

protection and preservation of natural and scenic value of national significance for the benefit and enjoyment of the general public

preservation of nationally significant natural features of special interest or unique characteristics

reserved for scientific site for the protection of nature be it biological communities or species and maintain natural process in an undisturbed environment

protection of nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic communities or physical features of the environment requiring specific human manipulation for success

• protection of aquatic flora and fauna to protect
• and preserve natural breeding grounds, and promote scientific study

preservation of valuable forest products from clearing for cultivation and to secure land for re-forestation efforts

• Natural heritage
• Critical habitat or species
• Preserve resource
• Cultural significance
• Maintain natural process
• Biodiversity
• Recreation and Research
• Tourism

• Value of biodiversity
• Preserve biodiversity
• Preserve genetic diversity
• Maintain ecological processes
• Sustainable use
• Commercial valuable species
• Replenish depleted stocks
• Education & research
• Protection from Natural Hazard
• Recreation & tourism
• Social & economic benefits

• Be comprehensive, with representative examples of all ecosystems in the country
• Be integrated with regional and national approaches promoting biological connectedness
• Economic, social and ecological sustainability
• Management of the system will be transparent, geared towards delivery of measurable benefits and emphasise public participation at all levels.

• Ecosystem Approach.
• Precautionary Principle.
• Importance of Science.
• Importance of Local and Indigenous Community Knowledge.
• Monitoring and Evaluation.
• Cost-effectiveness and Efficiency.

• One: Formulation of comprehensive protective area policy.
• Two: Protected Area System Assessment and Analysis.
• Three: Management Procedures and Sustainable Use.
• Four: Strengthening Management and Monitoring.

• The National Protected Area Policy.
• The National Protected Area Systems Plan,
• The Consolidated Report
• The Appendices,

36%, 13 %

The general objective of this policy document is to provide a set of guiding principles for the declaration, modification and re-designation; management and administration; socio-economic assessment and analysis; ecological assessment and analysis, and monitoring and evaluation of marine and terrestrial protected areas in Belize.

• 1. Assure, for all Belizeans, safe, healthy, productive, aesthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings by preserving important historic, cultural, aesthetic and natural aspects of Belize’s natural heritage;
• 2. Promote the widest range of beneficial uses of biodiversity without degradation, risk to health or safety, or other undesirable and unintended
• consequences in order to provide for sustainable economic development;
• 3. Achieve a balance between population and biodiversity resource use which will permit a higher standard of living and the conservation of natural
• resources for future generations;
• 4. Enhance the quality of renewable resources and strive for the optimum use
• of non-renewable resources.

• 1: An enabling administrative structure is established for policy implementation.
• 2: The national protected area system is functional.
• 3: The national protected area system is comprehensive.
• 4: The national protected area system is consolidated and simplified.

• Representative and comprehensive, containing viable examples of all ecosystems;
• Large enough to maintain the ecological processes and ecosystem dynamics that maintain their biodiversity and provide the environmental goods and services that support sustainable development;
• Designed to include critical habitat for species of conservation concern or in need of special conservation measures as well as areas of exceptional scenic or cultural importance;
• Interconnected, linked by functional biological corridors both within Belize and across its frontiers.

This compares targets with actual coverage, so identifying where there are gaps and where targets are met or exceeded

This conservation planning tool analyses the distribution of a set of given ‘conservation features’ across the national territory and selects ‘best options’ for their inclusion in the protected area system

• Local communities and indigenous people.
• Commercial interests.
• Recreational users of protected areas.
• The international conservation and scientific community.

• By government:
• *Joint governance (co-management):
• Private governance:
• Community governance:

• Authority, responsibility and accountability are shared among a variety of concerned parties, which are likely to include government agencies, local communities, private landowners and other
• stakeholders

• Skills training.
• Site administration/management support services.
• Legal advice.
• Enforcement

74%

• population growth
• industrial developement
• expansion of irrigated agriculture

• falling water tables
• diminished surface water
• sinkholes
• saltwater intrusion

less dense plates slide over more dense plates

3.4 billion years old

1-3 order streams, contain most of the total stream length

• shallow
• clear,
• wide
• (more algae)

• floodplains,
• muddy,
• sunlight doesn't reach the bottem

places where the stream order changes

D=1-∑(pi)^2

• Random Sampling
• Infinatley large population
• all species in the community are represented
• Larger H means more Diversity
• P is porportional of the individuals of the 'i-th'species
• H’=-∑pi ln(pi)

E= H’/Ln S

# of species, species richness

all open water

sea bottom

overlies continetal shelf

all open water

lighted part of the ocean

no light pennetration

upper part of the aphotic zone

below the mesopelagic

plains of the ocean floor

ocean deep in a trench

manny eggs, feed on plankton

fewer eggs, spend less time in the water colum

• no free swimming, few eggs, hatch as juviniles
• (Whales)