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The appendicular skeleton includes...
the upper extremity and its pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), and the lower extremity and its pelvic girdle (ilium, pubis, and ischium)
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The axial skeleton includes...
skull, mandible, hyoid bone, vertebral column including sacrum and coccyx, ribs and sternum
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Functions of the vertebral column:
- 1. supports the skull over the vertical axis
- 2. provides attachment for respiratory muscles
- 3. provides attachment for muscles that move the torso
- 4. protects spinal cord, thoracic organs and some abdominal organs from physical damage
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What are the regions of the vertebral column?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx
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How many cervical vertebrae?
7
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How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
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How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
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What is the sacrum?
formed from fusion of 5 vertebrae (fusion begins at 16-18 years of age and is completed by mid-20's)
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What is the coccyx?
formed from fusion of 3-5 vertebrae (fusion complete by age 30)
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What is a primary curve of the spine?
exists in utero, concave anterorly
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Cervical curve:
secondary curve, normally seen at 3 months of age. Convex anteriorly and develops from holding head upright
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Lumbar curve:
secondary curve normally seen at 6 months of age. Convex anteriorly and develops due to sitting up. At 12 months of age it becomes accentuated bue to bipedal locomotion
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Which curves of the spine are secondary?
cervical and lumbar
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which curves of the spine are convex anteriorly?
secondary, cervical and lumbar
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What caused the development of various curves?
differences in anterior and posterior depths of vertebral bodies and intervetebral discs
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What are the primary curvatures of the spine?
thoracic and sacral
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Abnormal kyphosis:
affects thoracic region and presents as an increased posterior convexity (hunchback appearance)
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Abnormal lordosis:
affects lumbar region and presents as increased anterior convexity (sway back)
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What could cause abnormal lordosis?
pregnancy, heavy abdominal weight
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Scoliosis
- two abnormal lateral curves of the spine
- -primary curve is in thoracolumbar region
- -secondary curve develop in thoracocervical region as a compensatory curve
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What is the function of the secondary curve of scoliosis?
maintains skull over vertical axis of body
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What is a deformity caused by scoliosis?
rotational deformity that is visible in the thoracic rib cage
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Who is most likely to get scoliosis?
teenage girls
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Where are ligaments of the vertebral column found?
between vertebral bodies and between vertebral arches
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Ligaments between bertebral bodies include:
- intervertebral discs
- anterior longitudinal ligament
- posterior longitudinal ligament
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Ligaments between the vertebral arches include:
- supraspinous ligament
- interspinous ligament
- ligamentum flavum
- intertransverse ligaments
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What are intervertebral discs comprised of?
gelatinous core (nucleus pulposis) and a fibrous ring (annulus fibrosus)
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What defines the shap and size of intervertebral discs?
vertebral bodies and curvature of the spine
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What are intervertebral discs attached to?
bodies of vertebrae
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Fibrous ring of intervertebral discs are made of:
collegen fibers (connective tissue) oriented at angle to provide structural integrity (strength)
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Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament:
broad and flat, on front side of vertebrae and intevertebral discs; quite strong and found along the entire length of the vertebral column
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Describe the posterior longitudinal ligament:
narrow and flat, on back side of vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs; contained within the vertebral canal and is found along entire length of the vertebral column
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Where do herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) usually protrude?
laterally and posteriorly
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Describe the supraspinous ligament:
continuous structure attached to tips of the spinous processes (posteriorly) along the entire lenght of vertebral column
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What is the ligamentum nuchae?
- the enlargement of the supraspinous ligament in the cervical region
- adaptation which attaches to inion (ext. occipital protuberance) and cervical spines
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Where are interspinous ligaments found?
between adjacent spinous processes
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Where is the ligamentum flavum found?
between adjacent laminae
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What is an unusal characteristic of the ligamentum flavum?
yellow colored
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What does the yellow color of the ligamentum flavum represent?
- elastic fibers which allow it to stretch and recoil to orginal length
- this prevents pressure on spinal cord during flexion
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Where are intertransverse ligaments found?
between adjacent transverse processes
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What are the basic movements of the vertebral column?
flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation
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What makes the basic movements of the vertebral column possible?
the compression and distortion of intervertebral discs
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What limits the basic movements of the vertebral column?
orientation of the joints between the vertebral arches
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What movements are possible in the cervical region?
flexion, extension, and lateral flexion
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What movements are possible in the thoracic spine?
- flexion, extension, and lateral flexion are possible, but to a limited extent
- free rotation possible due to alignment of articular processes on an arc about the axis of rotation
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What movements are possible in the lumbar spine?
flxion, extension, and lateral flexion
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What limits rotation in the lumbar spine?
inwardly facing articular processes
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What types of joints are formed by the articular facets of the spine?
synovial joints
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What forms the intervertebral foramen were the spinal nerves pass through?
the uppe surface and lower (inf) surface of pedicles that have curvatures called notches that fit together
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The 12 pairs of ribs articulate with which vertebrae?
thoracic, forming costal facets
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