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What are the layers of the back?
- skin
- superficial fascia
- deep/muscle fascia
- lumbar fascia (thoracolumbar fascia)
- muscles/spine
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Where is the thickest skin on the body?
the back
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What are the derivatives of the skin?
sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nails and body hair
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What nerves supply the skin?
cutaneous nerves
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Cutaneous nerves function in the following capacities:
- 1. provide sensory receptors for pain, touch, temperature and pressure
- 2. stimulate glandular sectrion, control blood vessel diameter, and contraction of erector pili muscles
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What controls involuntary actions?
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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Which bony lndmarks are palpable on the back?
- 1. spinous processes of vertebrae -C7, T1-12, L1-5
- 2. scapula -spine and acromion process
- 3. iliac crests
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Where is fascia found?
deep to (below) the skin
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What is fascia composed of?
connective tissue with vessels and nerves
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What are the physical properties of fascia?
elasticity and mobility, depends on types of connective tissue cells and extracellular material surrounding these cells
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What is contained in the superficial layer of fascia?
subcutaneous fat (adipose) tissue
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What is the function of the superficial layer of fascia?
provides insulation against cold temperature
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What determines the amount of fat deposited in the superficial layer of fascia?
- nutritional status
- age
- secondary sexual characteristics (hormonally controlled)
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Where is the deep layer of fascia?
surrounds individual muscles
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What are the functions of the deep layer of fascia?
- 1. provides packing material between muscles
- 2. provides channel for vessels and nerves
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What determines the amount and type of connective tissue in the deep layer of fascia?
mobility of organs
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Where is the thoracolumbar fascia?
surrounds intrinsic (true) back muscles, most prominent in the lumbar region
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What is the thoracolumbar fascia derived from?
- aponeuroses of:
- 1. internal abdominal oblique m
- 2. transversus abdominis m
- 3. latissimus dorsi m
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Aponeuroses:
muscle tendon flattened; broad flat tendon
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Which muscles are associated with the superficial layer of the back?
trapezius and latissimus dorsi
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Which muscles are associated with the middle layer of the back?
- rhomboideus major and minor
- levator scapulae
- serratus posterior superior
- seratus posterior inferior
- splenius
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Which muscles are associated with the deep layer of the back?
erector spinae and transversospinalis
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Which muscle layer of the back is associated with the upper extremity?
superficial layer
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Which muscle layer of the back is known as the intrinsic (true) muscles of the back?
deep layer
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How many vertebrae do semipinalis span?
5
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How many vertebrae do multifidus span?
3
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How many vertebrae do rotatores span?
1
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Intrinsic back muscles are innervated by...
dorsal primary rami of nearest spinal nerves
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Lateral flexion (bending) of spine is controlled by...
muscles on the same side
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Rotation of spine is controlled by...
abdominal muscles and transversospinalis on ipsilateral side
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Lordosis:
normal curvatur of lumbar spine
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