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Trait
expressed characteristic
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Allele
an alternative form of a gene.
determines the variation of a trait (i.e. blue eyes vs brown eyes)
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Homozygous
2 copies of the same allele
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Heterozygous
1 copy of one allele and 1 copy of a different allele
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Dominant Allele
allele that shows up regardless if you have 1 or 2 copies
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Recessive Allele
allele that can only be seen if there are 2 of them
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Genotype
specific alleles that an individual has
"what it is"
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Phenotype
the physical appearance of the "allele"
"what it looks like"
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Pedigree
family tree of a trait expression
determination of ancestors' genotype
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Carrier
person who has the gene but does NOT exhibit the trait
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Complete Dominance
the dominant allele in a heterozygous person completely masks the recessive allele
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Codominance
both alleles are expressed in a heterozygous individual
i.e. blood type ABO
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Incomplete Dominance
heterozygous individual is a blend of 2 genes
i.e. Red Flower and White Flower make a Pink Flower
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Pleiotropy
(ignore)
one gene having many effects
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Multiple Alleles
3 or more alleles form a particular gene
i.e. the alleles governing the ABO blood types
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Polygenic Inheritance
more than one gene controlling a single trait
i.e. height, skin color, eye color
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X-Linked Genes
genes carried on the x chromosome
have no corresponding allele on the y chromosome
will be expressed in a male, and in a female (if she is homozygous)
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Deletion
pertaining to chromosomes, the loss of a nucleotide or segment of a chromosome
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Duplication
pertaining to chromosomes, the duplication of a region of a chromosome that often results from fusion of a fragment from a homologous chromosome
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Amniocentesis
(ignore)
a method of prenatal testing for genetic problems in a fetus in which amniotic fluid is withdrawn through a needle so that the fluid can be tested biochemicallyand the cells can be cultured and examined for genetic abnormalities
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Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS)
(ignore)
a procedure for screening for genetic defects of a fetus by removing a piece of chorionic villi and examining the cells for genetic abnormalities
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Law of Segregation
- During meiosis homologous pairs split
- 1 egg ends up with 1 set of alleles
- another egg could end up with another set of alleles
- i.e. any gamete is equally likely to have any allele (any combo is equally possible)
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2 alleles
Every person has 23 pairs of chromosomes; therefore, each person has (#?) alleles for each trait.
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Hybrid Crosses
utilizes 2 individuals to determine the inheritance pattern of a Single trait
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