Medical Micro Final - Sheet1.csv

Clostridium forms endosopres under adverse environmental conditions. Spores are a survival mechanism. Spores are characterized on basis of position. size and shape. (subterminal or central). Most Clostridium spp. havve ovovid subterminal spores. C. tetani have round termial spores.

C. perfringes. C. tetani C. botulinum. C. difficile

anaerboic Gram positive spore forming bacillus. Four braod pathogenisis Histotoxic group (C. perfringes A). Enterotoxigenic (perfringes type C. or C. difficile). Tetanus (C. tetani). (Botulism) C. botulinum

Commonly in soil. feces contamination. large number. Cause gas gangreen swelling of tissue and gas release due to fermentation products. Wound contamination. Large gram positive rectingular non-motile rapid growth of BA wihit spreading growth. Classified by toxins produced A-E types.

Alpha toxin (produced by all types. Membrane damaging lysis leukocytes). Beta toxin (unknown mechanims possible membrane damage) . Epsilon toxin. Ioda toxin (does not act on cell membrane. works intracellular. disrupts the cytoskeleton). Theta toxin (spore forming toxin. recognizes and binds to cholesterol in cell membrane) . And Enterotoxin (spore forming toxins binds to proteins on cell type A strains).

Removal of necrotic or dead tissue (surgical debridement). Amputation. Penicillin G in high doses. Can adminster antitoxins if severe case. Or use hyperbaric oxygen to inhibit growth of bacteria and facilitate healing.

Alpha toxin damages the cell membrane breaks down lecithine. Beta toxin similarly damages cell membrane (necrotizing activity). Ioda toxin works intracellular and damages cytoskeleton actin binding. All others are toxins produced during sporulation (beta. epsilon enterotoxin etc).

Type A only produces alpha toxins (gas grangrene). Type B Produes Alpha Beta and epsilon. Type C produces Alpha and Beta. Type D produces Alpha and epsilon. Type E produces Alpha and Ioda toxin.

Type A produces gas gangrene. Destroy blood vessels and gets deep into tissue anaerobic environment and spread.Caused by intial trama to host tissue. Causes Fever. pain in infected tissue. local tissue necrosis. Gas bubbles. Infected muscle is discolored. Foul smelling exudate. Systemic toxemia. Tissue degrading enzymes. NON PUS FORMING. (dishwater discharge)

Cellulitis. faciitis (connect tissue surrounds muscles). Fasciiits a rapidlly progressive destructive process in which the organims spreads through fascial planes. Faciitis causes suppuration and the formation of gas. ABSENCE OF MUSCLE INVOLVMENT. Very rapid

About 500 to 1500 in US per year. All age groups. Most likely to effect older indivdiuals with immuno complications. IVDA higher riscks. Also surgical procedures. espically those involving the bowel.

Food poisoning (fairly common via enterotoxins by poor food handling). Necrotizing enteritis (rare) mediated by beta toxin (type C).

Anaerobic blood agar will grow quickly and show double hemolysis zone (inner beata by theta toxin. outer by alpha toxin). Can be grown in thioglycolate. Can use a Nagler reaction use an antitoxin to double check (alpha toxin on EYA). Look for lecithinase by alpha toxin. Microscoping examination shows large rectangular gram positive bacilli.

Transmission by contaminated wounds. Surgical wounds. Deep puncture wounds. Crush wounds. Burns. Dental infections. Animal bites. Delivery or abortion. LARGE NUMBER OF SPORES IN ENVIRONMENT.

Have round terminal spores. Long thin gram positive organism that stain gram negative. Motile by paratrichous flagella. Grow on blood agar with swarming. Beta hemolysis exhibited by isolated colonies. Spores resist boiling 20 minutes. Produces neruotoxins (block the release of NT)

Oxygen labile hemolysisn (TETANOLYSIN unknown pathogenicity). TETANOSPASMIN. Heat liable neurotoxin. Inhibits the release of GABA and GLYCINE from inhibitory neurons. Spasitc paralysis.

TETANOSPASMIN. inhibit the release of GABA and GLYCINE from the inhibitor neuron. Nothing to inhibit Ach causes irreverisble spastic paralysis.

risus sardonicus

Diagnosis based on clicnal presentation. Treatment debridemnt of wound. Metronidzole. Antitoxin (passive). DTaP vaccintaion (uses toxoid which is ctreaed by formaldehyde)

1 million causes world wide. High mortality rate 20-50. Developing countries is still one of the ten leading causes of death. In less developed countries very high mortality rate. Increasing rate in IVDA. Fatality rate is 90 with no treatment in newborns.

Anaerobic gram positive rod shaped sporeformer. PRODUCES A PROTEIN NEUROTOXIN. Prevelant in soil. sediment of lakes. ponds. decaying vegetation. Can be in the intestinal tracts of birds mammals and fish.

Spores heat resistant. Usually from improper canning makes indeal anaerobic environment. Aquire botulism from eating uncooked food spores. GI. duodenum. blood strea. neuromusclar synaposes.

alpha and beta toons. Bacterial protease. Is an AB toxin. Light chian A 50kDa heavy chain 100kDa. Disulfide bond. A very potent toxin

Binds peripheral nerve receptors due to indgest of toxin in adults. in children is ingestion of spores. Binds to the acetylholine neurotransmitter. Inhibits nerve impulses no release of Ach. Causes flaccid paralysis and death due to respiratory or cardiac failure.

Most common in infants because they do not have normal flora to outcompete spores. Due to spores in honey.

Foodborne botulism. Infant botulism (most common). Wound botulism (very rare. where spores get into open wound. similar symptoms to food born)

Clincial symptoms (18-36 onset. weakness n/v. neuroglogic features of autonomitc nervous system). Dectect toxin by ELISA or mouse bioassay. Heat specimen (serum or feces) to rnrich spores. Treatment involves ventilatory support. metronidazole. antitoxin.

Proper food handeling and preparation. Psore survive boiling (100 degrees at 1 atm at 1 hour.) Toxin heat-labile boiling or intense heating inactivate the toxin. DO NOT USE BULGES GAS POILED.

Use Botox for blephrospams. strabismus. Under investigation migrane headaches. hperhidrosis. Cosmetic purposes.

Normal inhabitant of GI. Kept in low number by other GI bacteria. Can cause pseudomembranous colitis. Fecal oral route of transmission

Inflamation of the colin by exotoxins (Toxin A and B). Cause inflammation and damage of the colon. Leaves yellow membranous patches. Profuse watery diarrhea (10 times daily). Blood in stool. High fever. Weight loss. Severe abdominal pain and tenderness. Death

Detection toxin. with clinical symptoms. In mild cases of C. difficile infection discontinue antibiotics. Severe cases metronidazole or vancomycin needed.

C. septicum (gas gangrene). C. sordellii. C. tertium

Gram postive cocci. Anaerobe. Causes sinusitis. intraabdominal infections. endrometrisist. pelvic abscesses. cellulitis.

Gram positive rod. Anaerobe. Normal mouth flora/vaginal flora. Can cause abcess and sinitusis. Causes Actinomyosis causes neck and face region hard red bumps due to draining sinues. Can also be found on IUD can live on plastic

Gram postive rod anaerobic. Common skin flora. Can get infection in the bone. CNS

Gram positive rod. anaerobe. Prevelant cause of vagniosis. More susepetable to HIV infection. Are often gram variable rod shaped. Marker for bacterial vaginosis.

Gram positive rods. Common contaminant in urine. Isolate from blood. Transient bacteremia from urogential. Can cause endocarditis. and opportunistic septicemia.

Gram negative ananerobe rod non otile huge capsule. Part of GI flora. Causes opportunistic infections. Major disease causing strict anaerobic after abdominal surgery. PROMINENT CAPSULE. Anti-phagocytic. abcess formation. ENDOTOXIN. major cause of diarrhea in children. Low toxicity. Structure different that nother lipopolysacharides.

Virulence factors from three categories. 1. adherence to tissue. 2. Protection form host immune response. 3. Destruction of tissue. Fimbriae and agglutination function as adhesions. Polysaccharide capsule. Lipopolysaccharide. Oxygen tolerance. Wide array of enzymes.

Liver abcesses and intraabdominal. Also skin/soft tissue. Bacteremia. Gastroenteritis (in adults commonly associated IBS)

Resistant to vancomyocin and kanamyocin. Growth on LVK media. Hydrolyses of esculin on BBE plate turns black. Grow fast on media only a few days.

Small Gram negative non motile bacilli that are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic and have fastidious growth requirements.

Have a growth requirment for X (hemin) and V (NAD or NADP) factors. NO beta hemolysis on horse blood. Does not cause influezna more of a secondary infection. Part of normal flora in nasal passage. Some species have capsules and other do not. Flora ones do not have capsules. Types A-F. Type B causes disease in humans. Pili and cell wall adhesions. Capsule resists phagocyctosis. Can degrade IgA antibodies. Hib (human influenzae B). Primarily problem with infants. Transmission through respiratory droplets.

Growth factor for ONLY V factor. no Beta hemolysis on horse blood agar. Part of normal flora. Does not typically cause disease but can very rarely cause septicemia. endocarditis.

Antibiotics inlcuding chemoprophylaxis. and Hib vaccine

Chancroid is an inguinal bubo that devloped from a gential chancroid lesion. Is an STD. Soft open wound that produces pus. PRIMARY HUMAN PATHOGEN. Not common in US due to education. Virulence most related to capsule (polyribose capsule). Normally done diagnosed with microscopy of pus and antibody titer.

Small gram negative fermentative pleomorphic coccobacilli. Facultatively anerobic. Infects sutured bites or scratches. Most common human pathogen is Pasturella multocida domestic pets are resivoir

1. Localized cellulitis and lymphadentis following animal bite or scratch. 2. In patietns with underlying lung dysfunction worseing of chronic pulmonary disease from aspiration of organism colonzing patients oropharynx. 3. Systemic infection in immunocompromised. Liver diease patients at highest risk.

Transmitted by aniaml bites. infections. chronic pulmonary diease. bacteremia. meningits.

Will grow on BA or CA and will show large buttery type colonies. WILL NOT GROW ON MAC.

extremely small. Aerobic nonfermenters. Gram negative coccobacilli. True pathogens isolation alwasy associated with diseases always clicnally significant. TRUE PATHOGEN

Man is only natural host. Causes whooping cough. Mild in adults. high mortality in children. Person to person spread via inhalation of infectious aerosols. Decrease incidence after DPT vaccine. Fimbriae not primarily involved in adherence. Exotoxins and hemagglutin mediate attachement to ciliated epithelium of bronichial tree. Cells multiple among cilia of epithelial cells

Adhesion pertactin filamentous hemagglutin (FHA). TOXINS PERTUSSIS TOXIN. adenylate cyclase toxin. dermonecrotic toxin. and tracheal cytotoxin

AB toxin (6 protein subunits). Subunit 2 and 3 attach to the cell. 2 binds to human tracheal cells (cilia). Filamentous hemagglutin help to attach the toxin to cell. This has an systemic effect. T cell lymphocytosis (destrosy lymphocytes). Insulin and histamine production. Increased IgE production. Impaired phagocyte functions

(B. pertussis). Both adenylate cyclase and hemolysisn. Secrete an invasive toxin. found on surface of bacteria cell penetrates the phagocytes and binds to calmodulin and disrupts normal cellular function by increased cAMP. (leads to inhibition of chemotaxin. inhibition of phagocytosis. and apoptosis of the cell)

1. Dermnectrotic toxin which is a strong vasoconstrictor. 2 Tracheal cytotoxin. prevents cillated eptithelial cells from beating. 3. Lippolysaccharide which is an endotoxin.

Nonmotile. Fastidous and slow growing. Taken by a nasopharyngeal swab that it placed deep into the nasal pathogen. Requires nicotinamide and charcoal starch blood or albumin to absorb toxic substances. Requires prolonged growth. Isolated on modifed Brodet Gengou agar. Inactivated whole bacterial cells and toxid are prepared in formalin and inclusion in DPT vaccine. Treatment with erythromycin suction oxyten. Treatment does not elimninate symptoms.

Supportive treatment macrolide antibiotics. Vaccine which is part of DTaP.

First stage is colonization. (fever sneezing regular cough) where is most infective but not diagnosed. Second stage more intensive coughing with whooping sound. Last stage is convelesnce. antibiotics dont have any effect on the disease.

Extremely small. Aerobic non fermeneters. Gram negative coccobacilli. TRUE PATHOGENS. isolation alwasy associated with disease.

Has 2 chromosomes. No plasmids. Decreased milk produciton. Serious disease of live stock. Causes spontaneous abortion. Highly infectious. Zoonotic. In humans is called undaulant fever. Causes brocellosis. B abortus is causative agent of abortion in cattle and brucellosis (undulant fever) in humans. WORLS MOST COMMON BACTERIAL ZOONOSIS.

B. abortus (cattle. bison). B melitensis (goats. sheep). B. suis (pigs). B. canis (dogs. foxes. coyotes).

Low infection dose. Facultative anaerboe intracellular pathogen. Able to survive and replicate within macrophages. Disseminated to spleen liver. bone marrow. Can cause granulomas. Starts off with generalized flu like symptoms. Can cause long term infection. Outer member (LPS) is the major virulence factor of Brucella. (LPS is different that classical LPS. low toxicity). HAS THE ABILITY TO INFECT ALL SYSTEMS. epithelial cells lines. phagocytic cells. respiratory tissue. neurvons. male and female reproductive tissues. Enters the animals and is transmitted.

Infects organs rich in erythritol (sugar metabolized in preference to glucose) like breast uterus placenta and epididymis. Asymptomatic carriage sterility or abortions. Transmitted between animals in aborted tissues.

Very rarely fatal. Bangs disease. Facultative intracellular pathogens of mononuclearphagocyte system. Survive intracellulary by inhibiting apoptosis. Form granulomas (mass of granulation tissue produced in response to choronic infections inflammation. or foreign bodies) and cause destructive tissue damage. Small tissue inflammation walled off macrophages. Pus forming bacteria. B. meliteusis main severe disease in devloping countries.

Acute disease often developes with intial nonspecific symptoms of malaise chills fatigue weekness myalagies. MILD disease with rate suppurative complications. CHRONIC disease and recurrence are common because it can survive in phagocytic cells and multiply to high concentrations. May also take teh form of destructive lesions.

Serum agglutination test. Oxidase postive. Urease postive. Slow growers hard to culture.

Combinatino doxycycline(6 weeks) and streptomycin or rifampin (2 to 3 weeks). For infants tetracyline is toxic so children are treated with trimepthorpim sulfamethoxazole. NO vaccine availbe for humans Main control is prevention. USDA established teh National Brucellosis Eradication Effector managed by animal lant and health inspection service (APHIS). Is located yellow stone park with Bison Elk and Deer.

Animals are natural resirvoir. Cattle pigs goats sheep bison. TRANSMISSION 1. Ingestion of contaminated products 2. direct contact with infected animals or animal products. 3. Inhalation (higly aerosoliztion in lab)

Catageory B. Most likely route of intentional exposure would be Respiratory. Could also happen via contamination of food and drink. Should identify intentional exposure as any BT agent.

Occupational hygiene and food hygiene. All products should be prepared from heat treated milk. Consumption of raw milk or products of raw milk should be avoided. Meat should be adequately cooled. Special precautions for labworkers. Public health education should emphasize food hygiene and occupational hygiene.