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Theories of Ideology Has this synced?
1. Key Person.. ?
2. Definition.. ?
a?
b?
c?
d?
- 1. Antoine Destutt de Tracey
- 2. a. A set of political beliefs
- b. Ideas and beliefs of a particular social class
- c. Dominant beliefs of the ruling class
- d. Official beliefs of a political system in a totalitarian manner (HILTER)
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Theories of Ideology
1. Marxist Veiw - key person?
2. Word used to describe dominating ideas? and definition
3. KEY QUOTE
4. Name of his argument?
- 1. Gramsci
- 2. Hegemony - The domination of one group over an other, a set of ideas that may be used to seem ligitimate and discredit all altenatives.
- 3. "The ruling class not only justifies and maintians its dominance, but manages to maintain the active consent of those over whom it rules"
- 4. Proletariat hegemony
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Theories of Ideology
1. Key Neo-Marxist?
2. His Key Term?
3. Definition?
- 1. Althusser
- 2. Ideological State Apparatus (ISA)
- 3. The tools (education system, media, religion) used to keep people in their social class and enforce beliefs.
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Theories of Ideology
1. Who defined TWO types of IDEOLOGY?
2. Definition - TYPE 1
Definition - TYPE 2
1. Mannheim
2. TYPE 1- A set of beliefs used to justify and continue ideas
TYPE 2 - A Utopian set of beliefs that COULD be organised in the future (put forward by oppressed groups that want to make radical change)
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Theories of Science
The Traditional View of Science
1.?
2. ?
3.?
- 1. Science is objective - the scientist is neutral
- 2. Scientific enquiry is evidence based - Conclusions are based of evidence and are not preconcieved ideas.
- 3. Scientific enquirey is 'open' - Ideas which are tested and proved wrong are rejected and more accurate ideas replace them.
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Theories of Science
Traditional Views of science - CHALLENGED
1. Who challenged traditional view?
2. Two key arguments he gave.
a. ?
b. ?
- 1. Michael Lynch
- 2. a) Scientists are more influenced by existing theories that may have been expected.
- b) When 'anomalies' occurred - scientists gennerally put them down as errors rather than seeing them as evidence towards are new theory or hypothesis.
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Theories of Science
1.Science can be viewed as a belief system like religion - WHO?
2. Belief system is made up of three factors...
1.?
2.?
3.?
- 1. Polanyi
- 2... Three factors
- 1) Circularity of beliefs - If one belief is challenged it is defended by reference to another in order to avoid change in the belief system.
- 2) Supporting explainations are given for difficult situations. If any evidence is shown to contradict the belief there will be a reason to explain it.
- 3. No alternative belief system can be tolerated - A sweeping rejection of religion can be seen as an example of this.
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Theories of Science
Sociology can be treated as a science
1. The positivist ________ claimed that by using the technique of ________ ________, 'social facts' could be uncovered.
2. Define this technique?
3. Give example
4. What is an Inductive Approach? and this proves... ?
- 1. Durkheim , Multivariate Analysis
- 2. When you ISOLATE the IMPACT of the independent variables on the dependant variables.
- 3. Dependant variables- Achievement of working class
- Independant Variable - Material deprivation, teacher labelling etc.
- 4. An inductive approach - Information is collected, Studied and analysed, Theories and hypothesese are drawn, These are tested and when proved (through repetition) They can be regarded as SOCIAL LAW / FACT.
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Theories of Science
1.Deductive apprach .. definition?
2. Key Thinker?
3. His arguments against Inductive Approach
1. ?
2.? (example)
3. ?
- 1. Reverse of inductive; starts with theory which then leads to investigation
- 2. Popper
- 3.
- 1) Rejected idea of permanent social laws - any law law could be FALSIFIED nomatter how many times proved wrong
- 2. "All swans are white" - proved right until you find a black one!
- 3. The aim of science is to falsify its own theories. This "falsification" of theories is what makes science different from religion.
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Theories of Science
Scientist work should be viewed in its social context
1. Key thinker?
2. Summary of beliefs
3. example?
- 1. GOMM
- 2. Summary - Scientists produce theories as a product of social context and try to prove rather than falsify their theories
- 3. example - Gomm said that Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest" slotted neatly into the Victorian Capitalist Ideology of free market economics, individualism etc.
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Theories of Science
1. Science is NOT objective ... WHO?
2. Key Points...
1) ?
2. ?
3. ?
- 1. Kuhn
- 2. 1) Scientists work within a paradigm (a frame of accepted ideas)
- 2) They only seek evidence to support their theories
- 3. However, anomolies will become so strong that they trigger a piradigm shift or scientific revolution.
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