-
What are the three main structures within the thorax? (3)
- The mediastinum
- The Right pleural cavity
- The left pleural cavity
-
What structures are contained within the mediastinum? (5)
- The heart
- The arch of aorta
- The superior vena cava
- lower esophagus
- lower part of the trachea
-
The right lung has ____ lobes and the left lung has ____ lobes.
- right lung has 3 lobes
- left lung has 2 lobes
-
Each lung extends anteriorly about _____ inches above the ____ rib into the base of the neck in adults.
-
Posteriorly, the lungs' apices rise to about the level of ____, which is what?
- T1
- The first thoracic vertebra
-
The lower borders of the lung expand down to _____ on inspiration and on expiration, rise to about ____.
-
Which ribs are the "floating ribs"? Why are they called this?
- The 11th and 12th ribs
- They are unattached anteriorly
-
The tips of the 11th rib are located in the _____ and those of the 12th ribs are located in the _____.
- lateral thorax
- posterior thorax
-
The sternum is about _____ inches long and includes what 3 components?
- 7 inches
- the manubruim
- the body
- the xiphoid process
-
The _____ is the area between the ribs. How is it named?
- Intercostal space
- According to the rib immediately above it
-
What are the primary muscles of inspiration?
- The diaphragm
- The intercostal muscles
-
During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and pushes abdominal contents down while the intercostal muscles help to push the chest wall inward. These combined efforts _____ intrathoracic pressure, which accomplishes what?
- decrease
- creates a negative pressure within the lungs compared with the pressure outside the lungs, and thus causes the lungs to fill with air.
-
During expiration, the muscles relax, expelling the air as the intrathoracic pressure ____.
rises
-
Name the accessory muscles that may anteriorly contribute to respiratory effort. (5)
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalenus
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
- rectus abdominus
-
Name the accessory muscles that may posteriorly contribute to respiratory effort. (3)
- serratus posterior superior
- transverse thoracic
- serratus posterior inferior
-
What structures make up the upper airway?
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- intrathoracic trachea
-
What is the function of the upper airway?
- To conduct air to the lower airway
- To protect lower airway from foreign matter
- To warm, filter, and humidify inspired air
-
At about what spinal landmark does the trachea divide into the left and the right main stem bronchi?
T4 and T5
-
What structures make up the lower airway? (5)
- trachea
- right and left main stem bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- subsegmental bronchi
- terminal bronchioles
-
Name the topographical markers of the anterior chest wall (7).
- Nipples
- Suprasternal notch
- manubriosternal junction
- midsternal line
- costal angle
- clavicles
- midclavicular lines
-
What are the topographic markers of the lateral chest wall? (3)
- anterior axillary lines
- posterior axillary lines
- mid-axillary lines
-
Name the topographical markers of the posterior chest wall.
- Vertebra prominens (spinous process of C7)
- Vertebral line
- Scapular lines
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