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What protein is involved in dialysis-associated Amyloidosis?
B2-microglobulin which is derived from MHC class I protein.
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Describe the progression of neoplasm?
normal
hyperplasia (dysplasia, anaplasia)
carcinoma in situ
invasive carcinoma
metastasis (seed and soil)
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What encompasses staging a cancer?
T = size of tumor
N = Node involvement
M = Metastasis
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What are the neoplasms associated with Tuberous Sclerosis?
Cardiac rhabdomyoma, angiomyolipoma, astrocytoma
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What are the genes involved in the gain of function cancer of tyrosine kinase?
abl - CML
erb-B2 - breast, ovarian, and gasrtic carcinomas
ret - Multiple endocrine neoplasia types II and III
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p16 leads to what cancer when a loss of function mutation occurs?
melanoma
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What is the S-100 marker used for?
Melanoma, neural tumors, and astrocytomas
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4 Paraneoplastic effects of small cell lung carcinoma.
1. ADH - SIADH
2. PTH related peptide - hypercalcemia
3. ACTH - Cushing's syndrome
4. ab against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMJ - Lambert Eaton syndrome
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Where are psammoma bodies seen?
1. Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
2. Serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
3. Meningioma
4. Malignant mesothelioma
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What is phase 1 metabolism?
- Involves cytochrome P-450
- leads to reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis which yields slightly polar, water-soluble metabolites.
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Name three drugs that have zeroth order elimination at high concentrations.
1. Phenytoin
2. Ethanol
3. Aspirin
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What are Nicotinic Ach receptors?
- ligand gated Na+/K+ channels.
- Nn (autonomic ganglia)
- Nm(NMJ)
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What are the functions assoicated with the M3 receptor?
It is a Gq receptor -> ca2+ and PKC
- - increase exocrine gland secretions
- - increase gut peristalsis
- - increase bladder contraction
- - bronchoconstriction
- - increase pupillary sphincter muscle contraction (miosis)
- - ciliary muscle contraction (accommodation)
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What increases the level of NE at the synapse?
- Amphetamines
- TCA
- cocaine
- Calcium
- angiotensin II activation
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What inhibits production of Ach?
vesamicol - inhibits combination of Acetyl-CoA + choline via chAT
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What is neostigmine?
anticholinesterase that increases endogenous ACh but does not penetrate the CNS
- USED for:
- Postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, reversal of neuromuscular junction blockade(postop)
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Patient presents with the following:
increased body temperatures
tachycardia
dry mouth
flushed skin
cycloplegia
constipation
disorientation
What other side effects might be seen with the main causative agent?
This is the toxicity of Atropine
- Other S/E:
- acute angle-closure glaucoma in elderly
- urinary retention in men with prostatic hyperplasia
- hyperthermia in infants
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What is methscopolamine?
- Muscarinic antagonist used in the treatment of peptic ulcer (not so much now because of PPI)
- reduce GI spasms
- reduce salivation
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