-
History of trait approaches rooted in
hippocrates' bodily humors, darwin (individual differences through evolution), galton (Intelligence measuring tests)
-
Carl Gustav Jung
swiss, parents pastors, head injury awaked jung's interest in nature of mind in paranormal phenomenon, believed he was 2 personalities
-
Carl and Freud
worked with freud but questioned his emphasis on sexual motivation, recorded hsi own dreams, fantisies, and visions, and drew painted and sculpted
-
Carl Jung's attitudes of the mind
Extroversion/introversion
-
Carl Jung's Modern trait approach (beginnings)
8 types (4 functions x 2 attitudes); functions (sensing, thinking, feeling, intuiting); myers-briggs type indication
-
Jung's myers briggs indicatior
measures extro/intro; used by vocational counselors
-
Raymond B. Cattell
used and refined,factor analysis, data driven not theory driven
-
Cattell's tests
q-data, t-data, L-data, 16-PF
-
Global factors from primary factors
EX, AX, TM, IN, SC
-
Henry Murray
ny, wealthy family, afffair, wwii spy psychologist
-
Murray's 'motives'
internal psychobiological forces that help induce particular behavior patterns, needs, life tasks, personal strivings
-
Murray's types of motivations
n Ach, n Aff, n Power, n exh (TAT test)
-
Gordon Allport
indiana, protestant work ethic, harvard and had culture shock
-
Gordon allport's statement
"the dynamic organization within the individual of thos psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought"
-
Allport's views
each person has unique qualities, phylosophical, humanistic, scholary approach.
-
Allport. regularities in behavior exist because
indiv. views situations and stimuli same way, funcionally equivalent.
-
Allports common traits
due to bio heritage and culture, there are common traits
-
Allport's proprium
core of personality
-
Allport's functionally autonomous
traits are independent of childhood, thus only important in adulthood
-
Allport'sIdiographic moethods
take into account each persons uniqueness (q-sort, diaries, interviews)
-
Allports personal dispositions
a trait particular to individual
-
Allport's cardinal dispositions
PD that exert an overwhelming influence on behavior
-
Central dispositions (allport)
several PD around which personality is organized
-
The big 5
extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness (lack of impulsivity), neuroticism, openness to experience
-
the big 5 facts
created through factor analysis, emerged from data (not theory), behavior genetics and cross cultural research suggest these traits are 'real'
-
The big 5 predicts
useful and important outcomes, does NOT mean there are only 5 traits
-
Eysenck's big three
extroversion (sensitive to signals of reward), neuroticism (sensitive to signals of punishment), psychoticism (hostile, unhappy)
-
Consensus in personality judgments
importance of consensus in determining reality of personality traits, friends judgments vs strangers (zero acquaintance); highest agreement for extroversion and conscientiousness
-
Expressive style
vocal characteristics, facial expressions, body movements
-
Analogy of trait and skill approach
humans are clusters of temperaments, traits and skills
-
advantages of trait and skill approach
simplifies personality to small number of basic dimensions; looks for deeper cunsistency underlying behaviors, good assessment techniques, allows for indivuality
-
Limits of trait and skill approach
oversimplification, base people on test scores, underestimate variability, underestimate unconscious motives and early experience (MOST ANTI-FRUDIAN)
-
Trait and skill approach views of free will
Allows for free will at margines. after motives exert their influence.
-
common assessment for trait and skill approach
factor analysis, self report, testing of styles and skills, doc analysis, behavioral observations, interviews
-
implications for therapy
if much of personality is structured around a small nhumber of key dispositions then we can change our goals and orientations but probably not our basic dispositional 'natures'
|
|