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Cognitive theories of personality background
Root in Gestalt psychology; humans seek meaning in life; we organize our sensations into meaningful perceptions, complex stimuli not reducible to sum of their parts
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Gestalt perceptual figure
triangle
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Field theory
Lewin's idea that behavior determened by internal, external and structural forces and relationships between person and environment
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Field theory's life space
all internal and external forces
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Lewin's contemporaneous causation
behavior caused the moment of its occurrence by all influencing at the moment
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Jean Piaget
swiss, bio, married student
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Piaget's Schema theory
schema (cog structure that organizes knowledge about one's environment, determines how we think and act) is made up of varios scripts (eating at a restaurant)
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Piaget's Categorization
we organize events, objects and people,
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Positive effects of categorization
quickly understand complex info
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Neg effecs of categorization
stereotyping
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Control of attention
We notice salient (highly noticable) features and combine these with current 'goals' to decided where to direct attentoion (A.D.H.D.)
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George Kelly
phys, math, and social problems
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George Kelly's theory
Personal construct theory
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Kelly's Personal Construct Theory
people actively endeavor to understand world and construct in their OWN theories
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'every man is, in his own particular way, a scientist
Kelly
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Explanatory Style
characteristic way of explaining life events
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Explanatory style poles
Optimism and pessimism
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Arguded deffensive pesimism
Julie Norem
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Gardner's 7
Intelligences
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Julian Rotter
brookly, father jewish imigrant, read freud and adler in hs, took classes with Lewin
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Rotter's views
behavior depends upon outcome expectancy and reinforcement value
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Rotter's behavior potential
likelihood behavior will be performed in situation
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Specific vs. Generalized expectancies (Rotter)
Not wanting to go to dad's xmas party vs. all parties are fun
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Rotter Locus of control
beliefs about on'es ability to AFFECT outcomes
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Rotter's EXTERNAL focus of control
events are beyond their control
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Rotter's INTERNAL focus of control
more achievement-oriented
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Albert Bandura
canada, parents no formal ed, small town, intro to psych because it fit schedule
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Bandura's self-system
set of cog processes by which individual perceives, evaluates, and regulates his or her own behavior so its functionally efficient and appropriate
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Bandura's Observational learning
vicarious learning and modeling
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Bandura's learning agressive behavior experiment
bobo doll
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Bandura's factors that influence learning
outcome expectancy, characteristics of model, chracteristics of behavior (simple/salient), attributes of observer (self esteem, dependence, cog develpmnt)
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Bandura's processes underlying observational learning
attention, retention, motor reproduction, MOTIVATION
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Bandura's self efficacy
belief about how competently one will be able to enact a behavior in a particular situation
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Self efficacy determines
if we try to act, how long we persist in behavior, how succcess or failure affects future behavior
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self efficacy results from
past success/failures, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, emotional reactions
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Turing test
set to disprove computers acting as humans, shortcommings of AI
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Cog approach analogy
humans as scientists and info processors
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Advantages of cog approach
explains personality through uniquely huan processes of congition, active nature of human thought, dif cog skills viewed as central to individuality
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Limits of cog approach
ignors unconscious and emotional aspects, theories tend to oversimplify complex thought processes, underemphasize situational influences on behavior
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Cog view of free will
free will through active human though process (YES)
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assessment techniques of cog theories
decisions tasks, bio analysis, attributional analyses, study of cog development, observation
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Implications for cog therapy
uses understanding of perception, cognition, and attribution to change thought processes
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