CH. 7 & 8

What are the two differences in the phalanges of the foot as compared with the phalanges of the hand?

Which tuberosity of the foot is palpable and a common site of foot trauma?

Where are the sesamoid bones of the foot most commonly located?

What is the largest and strongest tarsal bone?

What is the name of the joint found between the talus and calcaneus?

For a small to medium plaster cast, how much would you increase the exposure?

For a large plaster cast, how much would you increase the exposure?

For a fiberglass cast, how much would you increase the exposure?

True or False
The cuboid articulates with the four bones of the foot.
True False

The calcaneus articulates with the talus and the:

What are the two arches of the foot?

Which three bones make up the ankle joint?

The three bones of the ankle form a deep socket into which the talus fits. This socket is called the ____________.

The distal tibial joint surface forming the roof of the distal ankle joint is called the

True or False
The medial malleolus is approximately ¹/₂ inch (1 cm) posterior to the lateral malleolus.
True False

The ______ is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.

What is the name of the large prominence located on the midanterior surface of the proximal tibia that serves as a distal attachment for the patellar tendon?

What is the name of the small prominence located on the posterolateral aspect of the medial condyle of the femur that is an identifying landmark to determine possible rotation of a lateral knee?

A small, triangular depression located on the tibia that helps form the distal tibiofibular joint is called the

The articular facets of the proximal tibia are also referred to as the

The articular facets slope _________ degrees posteriorly.

The most proximal aspect of the fibula is the

The extreme distal end of the fibula forms the

What is the name of the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

What are two other names for the patellar surface of the femur?

What is the name of the depression located on the posterior aspect of the distal femur?

Why must the CR be angled 5 to 7 degrees cephalad for a lateral knee position?

The slightly raised area located on the posterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle is called the

What are the two palpable bony landmarks found on the distal femur?

The general region of the posterior knee is called the

True or False
Flexion of 20 degrees of the knee forces the patella firmly against the patellar surface of the femur.
True False

True or False
The patella acts like a pivot to increase the leverage of a large muscle found in the anterior thigh.
True False

True or False
The posterior surface of the patella is normally rough.
True False

List the two bursae found in the knee joint.

inward turning or bending of ankle

decreasing the angle between the dorsum pedis and anterior lower leg

extending the ankle or pointing the foot and toe downward

outward turning or bending of ankle

True or False
The recommended SID for lower limb is 40 inches.
True False

True or False
To reduce scatter radiation during table top procedures, the Bucky tray should be positioned over the lower limb being radiographed.
True False

True or False
During DR, lead masking should be placed on the regions of the IR, not within the collimation field.
True False

True or False
A kV range between 50 and 70 should be used for film-screen lower limb radiography.
True False

True or False
kV range for CR and DR is typically lower as compared with film-screen ranges.
True False

an inflammatory condition involving the anterior, proximal tibia

also known as osteitis deformans

malignant tumor of the cartilage

inherited type of arthritis that commonly affects males

benign, neoplastic bone lesion caused by overproduction of bone at a joint

benign bone lesion usually developing in teens or young adults

most prevalent primary bone malignancy in pediatric patients

benign, neoplastic bone lesion filled with clear fluid

injury to a large ligament located between the bases of the first and second metatarsal

condition affecting the sacroiliac joints and lower limbs of young men, especially the posterosuperior margin of the calcaneus

The formal name for "runner's knee" is

What is another name for osteomalacia?

asymmetric erosion of joint spaces with calcaneal erosion

uric acid deposits in joint spaces

well-circumscribed lucency

small, round/oval density with lucent center

narrowed, irregular joint surfaces with sclerotic articular surfaces

fragmentation or detachment of the tibial tuberosity

ill-defined area of bone destruction with surrounding "onion peel"

decreased bone density and bowing deformities of weight-bearing limbs

Why is the CR angled 10 to 15 degrees toward the calcaneus for an AP projection of the toes?

Where is the CR centered for an AP oblique projection of the foot?

Which projection is best for demonstrating the sesamoid bones of the foot?

The foot should be dorsiflexed so that the plantar surface of the foot is __________ degrees from vertical for the sesamoid projection.

Why should the CR be perp to the metatarsals for an AP projection of the foot?

Rotation can be determined on a film of an AP foot projection by the near-equal distance between the _______ metatarsals.

Which oblique projection of the foot best demonstrates the majority of the tarsal bones?

Which oblique projection of the foot best demonstrates the navicular and the first and second cuneiforms with minimal superimposition?

Which projection tends to place the foot into a truer lateral position: mediolateral or lateromedial?

Which type of study should be performed to best evaluate the condition of the longitudinal arches of the foot?

How should the CR be angled from the long axis of the foot for the plantodorsal axial projection of the calcaneus?

Which calcaneal structure should appear medially on a well-positioned plantodorsal projection?

Where is the CR placed for a lateral projection of the calcaneus?

Which joint surface of the ankle is not typically visualized with a correctly positioned AP projection of the ankle?

Why should AP, 45 degree oblique, and lateral ankle radiographs include the proximal metatarsals?

How much (if any) should the foot and ankle be rotated for an AP mortise projection of the ankle?

Which projection of the ankle best demonstrates a possible fracture of a lateral malleolus?

What is the basic positioning routine for a study of the tibia and fibula?

To include both joints for a lateral projection of the tibia and fibula for an adult, the tech may place the IR ________ in relation to the part.

Where is the CR centered for an AP projection of the knee?

What is the recommended CR angulation for an AP projection of the knee for a patient with thick thighs and buttocks?

Which basic projection of a knee best demonstrates the proximal fibula free of superimposition?

What is the recommended CR placement for a lateral knee position on a tall, slender male patient with a narrow pelvis?

How much flexion is recommended for a lateral projection of the knee?

Which positioning error is present if the distal borders of the femoral condyles are not superimposed on a radiograph of a lateral knee?

Which positioning error is present if the posterior portions of the femoral condyles are not superimposed on a lateral knee radiograph?

Which special projection of the knee best demonstrates the intercondylar fossa?

How much flexion of the lower leg is required for the Camp-Coventry projection when the CR is angled 40 degrees caudad?

How much knee flexion is required for the PA axial projection (Holmblad method)?

What type of CR angle is required for the PA axial (Holmblad method)?

How much part flexion is recommended for a lateral projection of the patella?

How much CR angle from the long axis of the femora is required for a Merchant bilateral projection?

How much part flexion is required for the following methods?
a. Hughston method
b. Settegast method

What type of CR angle is required for the superoinferior sitting tangential method for patella?

can be performed using a wheelchair or lowered radiographic table

patient prone; requires 90 degree knee flexion

patient prone with 40 to 50 degree knee flexion and with equal 40 to 50 degree caudad CR angle

IR is placed on a foot stool to minimize the OID

patient prone with 45 degree knee flexion and 10 to 20 degree cephalad CR angle from long axis of lower leg

patient supine with IR resting on midthighs

patient supine with 40 degree knee flexion and with 30 degree caudad CR angle from horizontal

Which projection of the intercondylar fossa recommends using a curved cassette?

A radiograph of an AP projection of the foot reveals that the metatarsophalangeal joints are not open and the metatarsals are somewhat foreshortened. What was the positioning error involved?

A radiograph of an AP oblique-medial rotation projection of the foot reveals that the proximal third to fifth metatarsals are superimposed. What type of positioning error led to this radiographic outcome?

A radiograph of a plantodorsal axial projection of the calcaneus reveals considerable foreshortening of the calcaneus. What type of positioning modification is needed on the repeat exposure?

A patient with a possible Lisfranc joint injury. Which radiographic position(s) would best demonstrate this type of injury?

A radiograph of a mediolateral knee projection demonstrates that the medial femoral condyle is projected inferior to the lateral condyle. What can the tech do to correct this problem during the repeat exposure?

Where are the sesamoid bones of the foot most commonly located?

What is the name of the tarsal bone found on the medial side of the foot between the talus and three cuneiforms?

Which tarsal bone is considered to be the smallest?

What is another term for the talocalcaneal joint?

The distal tibial joint surface is called the

The largest and strongest bone of the body is the _________

A small depression located in the center of the femoral head is the ____________

The lesser trochanter is located on the ___________ aspect of the proximal femur. It projects ____________ from the junction between the neck and shaft.

List the four bones comprising the pelvis.

List the two bones comprising the pelvic girdle.

List the three divisions of the hip bone.

All three divisions of the hip bone eventually fuse at the ___________ at the age of mid teens.

What are the two radiographic landmarks found on the ilium?

Which bony landmark is found on the most inferior aspect of the posterior pelvis?

The ____________ of the pelvis is the largest foramen in the skeletal system.

An imaginary plane that divides the pelvic region into the greater and lesser pelvis is called the

Alternate term for the greater pelvis

Alternate term for the lesser pelvis

List the three aspects of the lesser pelvis, which also describe birth route during the delivery process.

In the past, which radiographic examination was performed to measure the fetal head in comparison with the maternal pelvis to predict possible birthing problems?

List the characteristics of the male pelvis.

List the characteristics of the female pelvis.

To achieve a true AP position of the proximal femur, the lower limb must be rotated _________ internally.

Which structures on an AP pelvis or hip radiograph indicate whether the proximal head and neck are in position for a true AP projection?

Which physical sign may indicate that a patient has a hip fracture?

Which condition is a common clinical indication for performing pelvic and hip examinations on a pediatric (newborn) patient?

a degenerative joint disease

most common fracture in older patients because of high incidence of osteoporosis or avascular necrosis

a malignant tumor of the cartilage of hip

a disease producing extensive calcification of the longitudinal ligament of the spinal column

a fracture resulting from a severe blow to one side of the pelvis

malignancy spread to bone via the circulatory and lymphatic systems or direct invasion

now referred to as developmental dysplasia of the hip

Where is the CR placed for an AP pelvis projection?

Which specific positioning error is present when the left iliac wing is elongated on an AP pelvis radiograph?

Which specific positioning error is present when the left obturator foramen is more open than the right side on an AP pelvis radiograph?

Trauma or Non trauma

a. Danelius-Miller projection
b. unilateral frog-leg
c. modified Cleaves (bilateral frog-leg)
d. Clements-Nakayama
e. anterior pelvic bones

Which projection is recommended to demonstrate the superoposterior wall of the acetabulum?

How many degrees are the femurs abducted (from the vertical plane) for the bilateral frog-leg projection?

Where is the CR placed for a unilateral frog-leg projection?

Where is the CR placed for an AP bilateral frog-leg projection?

Which CR angle is required for the "outlet" projection (Taylor method) for a female patient?

Which type of pathologic feature is best demonstrated with the Judet method?

How much obliquity of the body is required for the Judet method?

What type of CR angle is used for a PA axial oblique (Teufel) projection?

How is the pelvis (body) positioned for a PA axial oblique (Teufel) projection?

How is the unaffected leg positioned for the axiolateral hip projection?

The modified axiolateral requires the CR to be angled __________ degrees posteriorly from horizontal.

Which special projection of the hip demonstrates the anterior and posterior rims of the acetabulum and the ilioischial and iliopubic columns?

What is the name of a special AP axial projection of the pelvis used to assess trauma to pubic and ischial structures?

Axiolateral (inferosuperior)

modified axiolateral

bilateral or unilateral frog-leg

PA axial oblique for acetabulum

AP axial for pelvic "outlet" bones

posterior oblique for acetabulum

What is the optimal amount of hip abduction applied for the unilateral "frog-leg" projection to demonstrate the femoral neck without distortion?

How much is the IR tilted for the modified axiolateral projection of the hip?

A radiograph of an AP pelvis projection reveals that the lesser trochanters are readily demonstrated on the medial side of the proximal femurs. The patient is ambulatory but has a history of early osteoarthritis in both hips. Which positioning modification needs to be made to prevent this positioning error?

A radiograph of an AP pelvis reveals that the right iliac wing is forshortened as compared with the left side. Which specific positioning error has been made?

A very young child comes to the radiology dept. with a clinical history of DDH. What is the most common positioning routine for this condition?