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which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure?
1. Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
2. Coronary Sinus
3. SVC
- 1. Truncus arteroisus
- 2. Left Horn of Sinus Venosus
- 3. Right Cardinal Veins
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which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure?
1. Smooth parts of L and R ventricle
2. Smooth parts of R atrium
- 1. Bulbis cordis
- 2. Right Horn of Sinus Venosus
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which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure?
1. Trabeculated L and R atrium
2. Trabeculated parts of the L and R ventricle
- 1. Primitive atria
- 2. Primitive ventricle
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What structure divides the truncus areteriosus into the aortic and pulmonary trunks? What is the cellular origin of this structure?
Spiral septum (aka aorticopulmonary septum)
Origin = neural crest
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Which fetal vessel has the highest oxygenation?
Umbilical veins
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What causes the ductus arteriosus to close?
Indomethacin or increased O2 and decreased prostaglandins
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What causes the foramen ovale to close?
Increased left atrium pressure due to the infant breathing
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this gene is found in the zone of depolarizing activity. forms limb buds. Defect -> holoprosencephaly, cyclopia
Sonic Hedgehog gene
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this gene is responsible for lengthening limbs
FGF gene
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this gene is mutated by excess vitamin A. defect can result in synpolydactyly.
HOX gene
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Fetal Landmarks:
1 week
hCG secretion
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Fetal Landmarks:
3 weeks
- primitive streak
- notochord
- mesoderm
- neural plate
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Fetal Landmarks:
3-8 weeks
- Neural Tube
- Organogenesis
- Extreme sensitivity to teratogens
-
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Fetal Landmarks:
10 weeks
Genitalia have sex characteristics
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The Notochord induces the _ to become the _.
Neuroectoderm -> neural plate
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The neural plate becomes the _ and the _.
Neural tube and crest
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The notochord becomes the _.
Nucleus Pulposus
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Rules of early development:
Rule of 2's
2nd week
- 2 germ layers (epiblast and hypoblast)
- 2 cavities (amniotic cavity and yolk sac)
- 2 placental components (cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
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Rules of early development:
Rule of 3's
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3rd week
- 3 germ layers
- ecto
- meso
- endoderm
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Rules of early development:
Rule of 4's
4th week
- 4 chambers of the heart
- 4 limb buds
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Name the components of the surface ectoderm:
- Anterior pituitary
- Lens
- oral epithelium
- olfactory epithelium
- sensory of ear
- epidermis
- anal canal below pectinate line
- salivary, sweat and mammary glands
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Name the components of the neuroectoderm:
- brain
- posterior pituitary
- CNS neurons
- Glia
- pineal gland
- retina
- spinal cord
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Name the components of the neural crest cells
- ANS
- dorsal root ganglia
- CN's
- celiac ganglion
- melanocytes
- chromaffin cells
- parafollicular cells of thyroid
- schwann cells
- pia and arachnoid
- skull bones
- odontoblasts
- aorticopulmonary septum
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Name the components of the endoderm
- gut tube epithelium
- anal canal above pectinate line
- lungs
- liver
- pancrease
- thymus
- parathyroid
- thyroid follicular cells
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Name the components of the mesoderm
- muscle
- bone
- CT
- serous linings
- spleen
- CV structures
- lymphatics
- blood
- bladder
- urethra
- vagina
- eustachian tubes
- kidneys
- adrenal cortex
- skin dermis
- testes
- ovaries
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vertebral, cardiac, renal and limb defects, TE fistula and anal atresia are all defects of which germ layer?
Mesoderm
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List the 15 most common teratogens and their defect
- ACE inhibitors - renal damage
- Alkylating agents - absence of digits
- Aminoglycosides - Ototoxicity (A MEAN guy hit baby in ear!)
- Carbamazapine - Neural tube defects
- DES - vaginal clear cell carcinoma
- Folate antagonists - Neural tube defects
- Lithium - Ebsteins anomaly
- Phenytoin - microcephaly, retardation, heart defects, facies
- Tetracyclines - discolored teeth
- Thalidomide - limb defects
- Valproate - Neural tube defects
- Warfarin - fetal hemorrhage, abortion, bone/ ophthalmic abn
- Iodine - goiter or hypothyroidism
- Maternal Diabetes - anal atresia, neural tube defect
- Vitamin A - HOX gene expression altered
- X rays - microcephaly and mental retardation
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Contrast cytotrophoblast with syncytiotrophoblast
- Cyto - chorionic villi inner layer
- Sync - secretes hCG
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What structures are in the umbilical cord? From what structure did they originate?
- Umibilical vein - oxygenated blood to fetus
- 2 Umbilical arteries - deoxygenated blood to mom
Both are derived from the Allantois
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Describe the Urachal abnormalities
- Patent urachus - urine from umbilicus
- Vesicourachal diverticulum - bladder outpouching
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Describe the Vitelline duct abnormalities
Vitelline fistula - meconium from umbilicus
Meckel's Diverticulum - ectopic gastric mucosa
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Three failures of the truncus arteriosus - name defect and result
- Failure to spiral - transposition of great vessels
- AP septum failure - tetralogy of Fallot
Persistant TA
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Fetal Erythopoiesis: name structures and approximate time frames
- Yolk sac - 3-8 weeks
- Liver - 6-30 weeks
- Spleen 9-28 weeks
- Bone Marrow - 28 weeks on
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Postnatal derivatives: the umbilical artery becomes what?
mediaL umbilical ligament
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Postnatal derivatives: allantois becomes what?
MediaN umbilical ligament
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Describe the fetal circulation
Umbilical vein -> ductus venosus -> RA -> foramen ovale -> LA -> ductus arteriosus -> aorta -> internal iliac -> placenta
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Describe the deveoping brain: Forebrain -> Telencephalon
- amygdala
- hippocampus
- basal ganglia
- cerebral hemispheres
- lateral ventricles
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Describe the deveoping brain: Forebrain -> Diencephalon
- optic tracts
- optic nerve
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- 3rd ventricle
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Describe the deveoping brain: Midbrain
Mesencephalon->
- midbrain
- cerebral aqueduct
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Describe the deveoping brain: Hindbrain -> metencephalon
- pons
- top of 4th ventricle
- cerebellum
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Describe the deveoping brain: Hindbrain -> myelencephalon
- medulla
- bottom of the 4th ventricle
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Describe the tests or signs associated with neural tube defects.
- increased alpha fetoprotien in amniotic fluid and serum
- spina bifida - tuft of hair, canal not closed, no herniation
- meningiocele - meninges herniate
- meningiomyelocele - meninges and SC herniate
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Anomalies of the forebrain
- Anencephaly - no brain, polyhydramnios
- Holoprosencephaly - cyclopia, Patau syndrome, FAS
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Posterior fossa malformations
Chiari - Cerebellar tonsilar herniation though foramen magnum
Dandy Walker - absent cerebellar vermis, enlarged 4th ventricle, hydrocephalus
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cape like bilateral loss of pain and temp
enlargement at central canal
Syringomyelia
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Describe the aortic arches
- 1 - maxillary artery
- 2 - stapedial and hyoid arteries
- 3 - common carotid / ICA
- 4 - aortic arch, R subclavian artery
- 6 - pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus
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What is the order of the branchial apparatus? What comprises the clefts, arches and pouches?
- Clefts - Ectoderm
- Arches - Mesoderm
- Pouches - Endoderm
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What is the difference between a branchial cleft cyst and a thyroglossal duct cyst?
- Branchial Cleft - lateral, immobile
- Thyroglossal - midline, mobile when swallowing
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Describe the Branchial arch derivatives
- 1 - M&T structures (Muscles of mastication, Temporalis, Mandibular and Maxillary branches of the Trigeminal nerve, Tensor muscles, Mandibular ligament, Middle ear except stapes) - Treacher Collins abnormality (face abn)
- 2 - S structures (Stapes, Stylohyoid, CN Seven, Smile)
- 3 - Pharyngeal (styloPharyngeus, GlossoPharyngeal nerve)
- 4-6 - Voice Box (Vagus, cricothyroid, swallow (superior laryngeal) and speak (recurrent laryngeal))
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Tongue innervation describe taste pain and motor
- Anterior
- Taste - VII
- Pain - V3
- Motor - XII
- Posterior
- Taste - IX
- Pain - IX
- Motor XII
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most common location of ectopic thyroid tissue
base of the tongue
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describe the branchial pouch derivatives
- 1 - ear
- 2- palatine process
- 3 - inferior parathyroids, thymus
- 4 - superior parathyroids
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failure of the maxillary and medial nasal processes
cleft lip
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failure of the lateral and medial palatine processes and the nasal septum
cleft palate
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the uncinate process is formed from the:
ventral bud
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the ureteropelvic junction failure results from:
ureteric bud + metanephric mesenchymal -> results in hydronephrosis
-
bilateral renal agenesis
ureteric bud malformation
oligohydramnios
facial deformities
pulmonary hypoplasia
Potters Syndrome
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interior poles fuse, become trapped under the IMA
normal function, associated with Turner Syndrome
Horseshoe Kidney
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Genital embryology: paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian ducts)
Female genitalia
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Genital embryology: mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts).
Male genitalia
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What factor found on the SRY gene is responsible for male genital development? Where is it produced?
Mullerian Inhibiting Factor -> from Sertoli Cells
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incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts
bicornate uterus
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what is the fate of the gubernaculum in men and women?
- men - anchors testes
- women - ovarian/round ligament
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what is the fate of the processus vaginalis in men and women?
- women - obliterated
- men - tunica vaginalis
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