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ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
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What is ATP?
chemical form of energy that cells use to do work
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Human Cells use ATP for:
- 1) Muscle contraction (smooth and skeletal)
- 2) Anabolism
- 3) Keep body temperature warm
- 4) Brain
- 5) Meiosis and Mitosis
- 6) Active Transport
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Bacterial Cells use ATP for:
- 1) Motility (flagella)
- 2) Anabolism (binary fission)
- 3) Active Transport
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What does Aerobic Respiration Produce?
6CO2, 6H20 and 36-38 ATP
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What goes into Aerobic Respiration?
1 glucose and 6O2
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Glycolysis
- Anaerobic
- Occurs in Cytoplasm
- Glucose = 2 Pryuvic Acids + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+
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Intermediate Phase of Anaerobic Respiration
2 Pryuvic Acids = 2 Acetyl CoA + 2NADH + 2H+
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Catabolism
Large molecules are broken down into small molecules and energy
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Anabolism
small molecules and energy and turned into large molecules
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Metabolism
Anabolism + Catabolism
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Linear Metabolic Pathway
glycolysis, electron transport chain
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Circular Metabolic Pathway
- Krebs Cycle
- Calvin Benson Cycle
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Holoenzyme
Both apoenzyme and co-enzyme together
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Classes of Enzymes
- Oxidoreductases
- Transferase
- Hydrolase
- Lyase
- Isomerase
- Lygase
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Fermentation
- anaerobic
- produces 2 ATP
- same as glycolysis but pryuvic acids become lactic acid (cheese), ethanol and CO2 (beer), propionic acid (swiss cheese) or others
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Anaerobic Respiration
Same as aerobic, but final electron acceptor is inorganic (not oxygen-Nitrate or sulfate)
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Cyclic Photophosphorylation
- more ancient and rare
- electrons come from cholorphyll and end in chlorophyll
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Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
- Electrions come from water and go to NADPH
- most common
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Chemoheterotroph
- energy and carbon come from organic compounds
- -Aerobic respiration
- -Fermentation
- -Anaerobic respiration
- animals, protozoa, aerobic bacteria, fungi
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Chemoautotroph
- Get Carbon and energy from inorganic CO2
- -anaerobic respiration in bacteria
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Photoheterotroph
- Gets energy from light and carbon from organic compounds
- only green and purple non-sulfur bacteria
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Photoautotroph
- Energy from light and carbon from CO2 (inorganic)
- -Plants, algae, cyanobacteria
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Function of Ribosomes
to make proteins
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Size of ribosomes in bacteria
70S
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Size of ribosomes in eukaryotes
80S
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Fimbriae function
used for attachment
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Pili function
transfers genetic information
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Inclusion
sac that stores something
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Plasmid
contains extrachromosomal DNA
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Lysosome
only in animal cells
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Mitochondria function
creating energy/ATP
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cytoskeleton/microtubule function
supporting cell structure
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chromatin
DNA and histones
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Nucleolous function
- active transription
- makes mRNA
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Rough ER function
translation...makes new proteins
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Smooth ER function
makes lipids
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Golgi Apparatus function
proteins mature and become active
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Flagella function
movement
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Centrisome
only present in cellular reproduction (mitosis/meiosis)
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Plasma Membrane function
selective permeability
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Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity
- pH
- temperature
- concentration of substrate
- inhibitors (drugs)
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Competitive Inhibition
drug competes for active site of enzyme
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Non-Competitive Inhibition
Drug binds to allosteric site of enzyme which changes shape of active site, not allowing substrate to bind to it
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Feedback Inhibition
When body has enough of a product it will bind to allosteric site of enzyme, stopping production of product until it is needed agian.
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Glycocalyz
sticky polysaccharide "cell wall" in animal cells
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Peroxysome function
detoxifies free radical oxygen in plant and animal cells
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Lysosome function
Digests enzymes in animal cells
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Cocci Morphology
spherical
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Bacillus
Rod Shaped Morphology
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Vibrio
curved rod 
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Spirillum
few turns per unit
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A difference between gram positive and gram negative
- Gram POSITIVE has HIGH resistance to physical disruption
- Gram NEGATIVE has LOW resistance to physical disruption
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Endospore
- a resting structure found inside some bacteria
- only gram positive
- can survive extreme conditions
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