pharma test 2 ch 2.txt

The physicochemical interaction between the drug molecule and molecules in the body that alters a physiological process in the body by one of three methods

produced or grown from within an organism

originating from outside an organism

replacement, interruption, potentation

exogenous drug replaces an endogenous substance; receptor agonist; Bethanechol (Urecholine) - a nonselective muscarinic receptor agonist used to treat uriniary retention

drug that interferes with a physiological process; receptor agonist; Cetirizine (Zyrtec) - a selective histamine 1 receptor antagonist used to treat allergic symptoms

drug enhances a physiological process; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI); Fluoxetine (Prozac) - SSRI used to treat depression

penicillin interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis causing death of the bacteria; Tylenol elevates the pain threshold (analgesia) and inhibits formation and release of prostaglandins in the CNS (antipyresis); action of epinephrine on blood pressure and heart rate

cardiac muscle contraction

drug, compound

pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic

occurs after drgu is given, involving disintegration/dissolution of dosage form

absorption, metabolism, distribution and elimination of a drug

effect of the drug on the body

80%

small intestines

lipid soluble - water soluble - suspension solution - powder - capsules - tablets - coated tablets - enteric-coated tablets

absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

passive diffusion, active diffusion (carrier-mediated) and pinocytosis

no energy required, how most drugs work

carrier molecule and energy required; glucose, amino acids, 5-fluorouaracil

process of engulfing a drug and pulling it across the membrane which fuses with lysosymes in the cell taht hydrolyze or breakdown contents of the vesicle; Vitamins A, D, E & K

pH, solubility, routes of administration, circulation

percentage of dose that reaches the blood stream (20-40% orally)

dose form, route, GI tract, food, drugs, liver metabolism, concentration, cell membrance, surface area

level of plasma protein, blood flow, competing drugs

drug metabolism; converted into more water-soluble form in liver which is then excreted by the kidneys

metabolism of orally administred drugs by gastrointestinal and hepatic enzymes, resulting in a significant reduction of the amount of unmetabolized drug reaching the systemic circulation

biliary and fecal (Orlistat - Alli - lipase inhibitors used in obesity), lungs (inhaled anesthetics and alcohol), breast milk (narcotics), sweat (anti-epileptics, amphetamine), saliva (penicillin, phentoin, lithium), hair (methamphetamine, methoxyphenamine), skin (benzoic acid, salicylic acid, alcohol, antipyrine, heavy metals)

effect of drugs on a body

receptor theory, categories of drug action, therapeutic index and therapeutic range, peak and trough levels, side effects, adverse effects, contraindications

problem that occurs when treatment goes beyond the desired effect or occurs in addition to the desired therapeutic effect

gender, environment, time of administration, pathologic state, idiosyncracy, tolerance, drug dependence, drug interaction, synergism, potentiation, placebo effect, pharmacogenetic effect, allergic reaction, toxic effect, tachyphylaxis

a harmful or abnormal result that may be caused by adminstation of a medication and may be indicated by an untoward result such as by illness or death

a condition which makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable

absolute, relative