Social Psyc y2

An integration of biological and social persepctives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviours.

conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure

we observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves; in some experiments this has led to differing explanations for behaviours

The tendency to adapt to a given level of stimulation, and thus to notice and react to changes from that level.

Physical or verbal behaviour intended to hurt someone. in laboratory experiments, this might mean delivering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another's feelings.

A motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests.

Resolution of a conflict by a neutral thrid party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement.

A favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction towards something or someone (often rooted in one's beliefs and exhibited in one's feelings and intended behaviour)

Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available.

Having physical qualities that appeal to an audience. An appealing communicator (often someon similar to the audience) is most persuasive on matters of subjective preference,

the theory of how people explain others' behaviour- for example; by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives and attitudes) or to external situations.

a personality that is disposed to favour obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status.

The apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark.

"implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitural, and without awareness, roughly corresponding to "intuition"

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace.

A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.

Persistance of one's inital conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.

visual detection and response to the environment but, because of brain damage, without any consciour perception

the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders.

Emotional release. The catharsis view of affression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression.

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguements and respond with favourable thoughts.

the way the message is delieverd- whether face-to-face, in writing, on film or in some other way.

the study, assessment and treatment o people with psychological difficulties

co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity.

Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. For example, dissonance may occur when we realise that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favouring one alternative, despite reasons favouring another.

A "we feeling"; the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another.

Giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intwined

the popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other.

Conformity that invovles publicaly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while preivately disagreeing.

An accomplice of the experimenter,

A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.

A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.

a change in behaviour or belief as a result of real of imagined group pressure.

In attribution theory, the extent to which others act similarly to the person whose behaviour is being explained.

The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

"Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective and conscious.

The study of naturally occurring relationships among variables.

imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't.

Believability. A credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy

a group typically characterised by

• 1) distinctive ritual and beliefs related to its devotion to a god or a person
• 2) isolation from the surroudning "evil "culture and
• 3) a charismatic leads.

The enduring behaviour, ideas, attrituddes, and tradiitons hsated by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

In social psychology, the post experimental explanation of a study to its participants. Debriefing usually discloses any decpetion and often queries particpants regarding their understanding and feelings

In researchm an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes

the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivated effective action

loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behaviour is expected

the variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variables

The tendency of mildly depressed people to make acurate rather than self-serving judgements, attributions and predictions

The tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner

unjustified negative behaviour toward a group or its members

an avoidant relationship style marked by distrust of others

the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is safer or more socially acceptable target.

attributing behaviour to the person's disposition and traits

in attribution theory, the specificity of the person's bahviour to a particular situation,

a strategy fro gaining a concession. After someone first turns down a large request, the same requester counterofferes with a more reasonable request.

Differing implicit and explicit attitudes towards the same object. Verbalised explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.

A motive (supposedly underlying all behaviour) in increase one's own welfare. The opposite of altruism, which aims to increase another's welfare.

a feeling of warmth and expansion that may provoke chills, tears, and throat clenching. Such elevation often inspires people to become from self-giving

the vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting onself in another's shoes

Contact on an equal basis. Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationships, so do relatinoships between those of equal status. Thus, to reduce prejudice, interracial contact should be betweeen persons equal in status.

concern for how others are evaluating us

the study of the evolution of cognition and bahviour using principles of natural selection

degree to which an experiment absorbs and involes its participants

studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors while controlling others.

the tendency of research participants to live up to what they believe experimenters expect of them.

the belief that change or outside forces determine one's fate.

the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours

the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviours

an avoidant relationship style marked by fear of rejection

the tendency for peole who have first agreed to a smaller request to comply later with a larger request.

the way a question or issue is posed; framing can influence people's decisions and expressed opinions.

the blocking of goal-directed behaviour

the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress

the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behaviours.

in psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.

a set of behaviour expectations for males and females

two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another ans perceive one another as 'us"

group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies, a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group

explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviours, also attributin negative behaviours to their disporitions (while excusing such behaviour by one's own group)

the mode of thinking that person's engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to verride realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

the study of the psychological roots of health and illnes. Provides psychology's contribution to behavioural medicine.

a thinking stratedy that enables quick, efficient judgments.

the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turns out.

aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself

perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are

an excessive optimism that blinds people to warnings of danger

the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.

during group hink, the overestimating of group members' consesnsu

perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stonger relationship than actually exists.

the human tendency to underestimate the speed and strength of the 'psychological immune system' which enables emotional recovery and resilence after bad things happen

overestimatin gthe enduring impact of emotion-causing events.

A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people's automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words. Easier pairings are taken to indicate stronger unconscious association.

automatic, unconscious attitudes

the tendency to like what we associate with ourselves, such as the letters in our name.

defining the self apart from others.

the experimenral facotr that a researcher manipulates.

the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defininf one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

conformity occuring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people

an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

the use of strategies such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favour

"us"- a group of peole who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity

an innate, unlearned behaviour pattern exhibited by all members of a species.

aggression that is a means to some other end.

reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behaviour when external justification is "insufficient"

a relationship in which the effect of one factor depends on another factor

construing one's identity in relation to others.

the belief that one controls one's own destiny.

the idea that evolution has selected altruism towarsd one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.

the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group

the sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events.

the extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces.

a tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an inital request will often still comply when the requester ups to ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it.

the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits.

In its economic meaning, refers to prioritising the accumulation of money and material possessions, often involving conspicuous consumption

the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them

mistakenly attributing a behaviour to the wrong source

incorporating 'misinformation' into oen's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiveing misleading information about it.

the perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boudnary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness. Moral inclusion is regarding others as within one's cicle of moral concernt.

the extend to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

the evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environemtns are passed to ensuing generations.

a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions.

conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance.

standards for accepted and expected behaviour. Norms presribe proper behaviours.

acting in accord with a direct order or command.

acts of excluding or ignoring someone

'them' a group that peopl eprceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingoup

the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimat e the accuracy of one's beliefs.

the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled, rather than intrinsically appealing.

a stat of intense longing for union with another .Passionate lvovers are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attaining their partner's love, and are disconsolate on losing it

occurs when people are influenced by incedental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

a sense of one's personal atributes.

the process by which a message induces changes in beliefs, attitudes or behaviours.

the presumption that physically attractive peole possess other socially desirable traits as well: what is beautiful is good.

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which is assumed to be an active agent.

the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.

a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.

attachments marked by a sense of one's own unworthiness and anxietty, ambivalence and possessiveness

other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence.

activating particular associations in memory

positive constructive, helpful social behaviour; the opposite of antisocial behaviours.

people's strategies for rationalising, discounting, forgiving and limiting emotional trauma.

an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour towards people of a given race.

the process of assigning particpants to the conditon s of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition.

survey procedure in which every person in the population has an equal chance of being included in the study

a defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.

a moive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. Reactance arises when someone threatend our freedom of action.

the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources.

information presented last sometimes has the most influence. Recency effects are less common than primacy effects.

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped the.

the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to retuern toward one's average.

the perception that one is less well-off than others with whom one compares oneself.

the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belonds to a particular group if resembling a typical members.

the theory that we like those who behaviour is rewarding to us, or whom we associate with rewarding events.

a set of norms that defines how people in a given situation ought to behave.

a concept or framework that organises and interprets information

attatchments rooted in trust and markd by intimacy.

a theory that a) people often experience a self0image threate, after engaging in an undesrable behavour, and that b) they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self. Threaten people's self-concept in one domain and they will compensate by refocusing or by doing good deeds in another domain.

a self-conscious state in which attention focuse on oneself. It maeks people more senstivie to their own attitudes and dispositions

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one's sense of self-worth.

a person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth.

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

protectmg one's self-image with behaviours that create a handy excuse for later failures.

being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situation and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression.

the theory that when we are unsure of our attitdues we infer them much as would someone observing us, by loking at our bahviour adn the cirumstnaces under which it occurs.

the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favourable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals

the tendency to preocess efficiently and remember well information related to oneself.

beliefs about self that organise and guide the prcoessing of self-relevent information

a from of self-serving bias, the tendency to attribute positve outcomes to onself and negative outcomes to toher factors.

the tendency to percieve oneself favourably.

seeking, eliciting and recalling feedback that confirms one's beliefs about himself/herself.

a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.

evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with tohers.

a situation in which individual's rationally pursuing their individual interests leads to collective harm.

orginal menaing; the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned task better when others are present. 2) the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of tothers.

the "we" aspect of our self-concept.

leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support.

the theoyr that we learn social behaviour by obserrving and imitiation and by being rewarded and punished.

the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their effors towards a comon goal than when they are individually accountable.

socially shared beliefs-widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies.

can expectation that people will help those needing help.

cultrually provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations.

a situation in which the conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing its self-interes, become caught in mutually destuctive behaviours.

an effortless automatic inference of a tria after exposure to someone's behaviour.

the belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behaviour than they really are.

a belief about the personal attributes of a group f people. Stereotypes are sometimes overgeneratlised, inaccurate and resistant to new information.

a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereortype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects.

accommodating individuals who deviate form one's sterotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the gorup

stimuli with intensity below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

accomodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as 'exceptions to the rule'

leadership that organises work, sets standards, and focuses on goals.

according to 'terror management theory', people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality.

leadership that, enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence.

arousal X label= emotion

the process by which media influenc often occurs through opinion leaders who in turn influence others.