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Red blood cell count (RBC), erythrocytes
Determines actual numer of cells in relation to volume
- Adult man - 4.6-6.2 million/mm3
- Adult woman - 4.2-5.4 million/mm3
- Child 3.2-5.2 million/mm3
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White blood cell count (WBC), leukocytes
Establishes amount and maturity of white blood cell elements
- Adult - 5,000-10,000/mm3
- Child - 5,000 - 13,000/mm3
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Hemoglobin
Determines the amount of hemoglobin/100 mL of blood
- Man - 13-18 g/dL
- Woman - 12-16 g/dL
- Child (3-12 yrs) - 11-12.5 gm/dL
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Hematocrit
Measures percentage of red blood cells per fluid volume of blood
- Man -42-52%
- Woman - 35-47%
- Child (3-12 yrs) 35-45%
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Bleeding time
Measures duration of bleeding after standarized skin incision
Used for preoperative screening
1.5-9.5 minutes
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Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
Monitors effectiveness of heparin therapy
Dectects coagulation disorders
- Lower limit of normal: 20-25 sec
- Upper limit of normal: 32-39 sec
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Platelet count (thrombocyte count)
Used to diagnose hemorrhagic diseases, thrombocytopenia
150,000-450,000/mm3
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Prothrombin time (PT)
Monitors effectiveness of Coumadin therapy
Detects coagulation disorders
9.5-12.0 seconds
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International normalized ratio (INR)
Monitors effectiveness of anticoagulation therapy
- 1.0
- 2-3 for therapy in atrial fibrillation, deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism
- 2.5-3.5 for therapy in prosthetic heart valves
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Sedimentation rate (ESR)
Speed at which RBCs settle in well-mixed venous blood
Indicates inflammation
- Man < 50 yrs: 15 mm/h
- Man > 50 yrs: 15 mm/h
- Woman < 50 yrs: < 25 mm/h
- Woman > 50 yrs: < 30 mm/h
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Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Measures ability of body to secret insulin in resonse to hyperglycemia
- Fasting - 60-110 mg/dL
- 1 hour - 190 mg/dL
- 2 hours - 140 mg/dL
- 3 hours - 125 mg/dL
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Total cholesterol
Evaluates tendency for atherosclerosis
Overnight fast
- < 160 mg/dL if no CAD
- and < 2 risk factors
- < 130 mg/dL if no CAD and 2 or more risk factors
- < 100 mg/dL if CAD is present
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Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
Determines whether elevated cholesterol levels are caused by increased LDL or HDL
Fast for 12-14 hours
- Optimal - < 139 mg/dL
- Borderline - 140-160 mg/dL
- High - > 160 mg/dL
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High density lipoproteins (HDL)
Determines whether elevated cholesterol levels are caused by increased LDL or HDLFast for 12-14 hours
- Men - 35-70 mg/dL
- Women - 35-85 mg/dL
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Creatinine (CR)
Test of renal function
NPO 8 hours
List medications patient is taking on lab slip
- Adult - 0.7-1.4 mg/dL
- Child - 0.4-1.2 mg/dL
- Infant - 0.3-0.6 mg/dL
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Alkaline phosphatase
Evaluates liver and bone function
NPO 8-12 hours
List medications patient is taking on lab slip
- Adult - 50-150 units/L
- Infant and adolescent up to 104 FU/L
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Creatine kinase (CK)
Used to diagnose acute MI
Dected in blood in 3-5 hours
- Man - 50-235 U/L
- Woman - 50-250 U/L
- Child - 0-70 U/L
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Serum albumin
Used to detect protein malnutrition
3.5-5.5 g/dL
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BUN
Evaluate renal function
- Values affected by protein intake, tissue breakdown, fluid volume changes
- 7-18 mg/dL; over 60 years
- 8-20 mg/dL
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Triglycerides
Detect risk for atherosclerosis
100-200 mg/dL
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Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) - Normal
- pH - 7.35-7.45
- PaO2 - 80-100 mm Hg
- SaO2 - 95-98%
- PaCO2 -35-45 mm Hg
- HCO3 - 22-25 mEq/L
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Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) - Acidosis
- pH - Below 7.35
- PaCO2 - Respiratory >45 mmHg
- HCO3 - Metabolic < 22 mEq/L
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Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) - Alkalosis
- pH - Above 7.45
- PaCO2 - Respiratory < 35 mm Hg
- HCO3 - Metabolic > 26 mEq/L
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Liver enzymes
With damaged liver cells, enzymes are released into bloodstream
- Normal
- AST (SGOT) 8-40 units
- ALT (SGPT) 8-40 units
- LDH 100-225 units/L
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Blood amomia (arterial)
Liver converts ammonia to urea
With liver disease, ammonia levels rise
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Bilirubin
Detect presence of bilirubin due to hemolytic or liver disease
- Total bilirubin - 0.3-1.0 mg/dL
- Direct (conjugated) bilirubin - 0.1-0.4 mg/dL
- Indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin - 0.1-0.4 mg/dL
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Ammonia
Detect liver disorders
- Normal - 15-45 mcg/dL
- Avoid smoking before test
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Amylase
Diagnose pancreatitis and acute cholecystitis
- Normal 6-160 Somogyi U/dL
- Restrict food 1-2 hours before test
- Avoid opiates 2 hours before test
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Lipase
Diagnose acute and chronic pancreatitis, biliary obstruction, hepatitis, cirrhosis
- Normal < 200 m/ul
- NPO 8-12 hrs before test
- Avoid opiates 25 hrs prior to test
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Calcium
- Ionized serum Ca 4.5 - 5.1 mg/dL or
- Total serum Ca 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
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Urine Specific Gravity
1.010 - 1.030
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