BIOL 100 exam 2 - CH3

this fundamental organizing principle of biology states that

• (1) a cell is the smallest unit of life,
• (2) cells make up all living things, and
• (3) new cells come from pre-existing cells

a cell that has NO nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

has DNA in nucleus region

includes bacteria and archaea

provides a means for functions of life

part of a cell that serves a function

does NOT always have a membrane

Can be 1 or many organisms

HAS a nucleus

HAS membrane-bound organelles (i.e. Ribosome)

VERY complex

includes cells in plants, animals and all other organisms except bacteria and archaea

the physical relationship dictating that volume of a cell increases faster than its surface area.

this relationship explains why most cells are small

regulates things going in and out of a cell

the watery solution ouside cells.

AKA interstitial fluid

the part of a cell that includes the aqueous fluid within the cell and all the organelles with the exception of the nucleus

a term used to describe the structure of the plasma membrane.

proteins interspersed throughout the lipid molecules give the membrane its mosaic quality

the ability of some proteins to move sideways gives the membrane its fluid quality

a characteristic of the plasma membrane because it permits some substances to move across and denies access to others

a molecule that pokes through the plasma membranes of the most cells and helps hold cells together to form tissues and organs

movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

a difference in the number of molecules or ions between two adjacent regions.

molecules/ions tend to move away from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration with the aid of a transport protein that either transports the substance from one side of the membrane to the other or forms a channel through which it can move

Does NOT use cellular energy (ATP)

movement of water from high to low concentration

a solution with more solutes than plasma

a solution with the same concentration of solutes as plasma

a solution with less solutes than plasma

requires cellular energy (ATP) to move from areas of LOW to HIGH concentration

bringing into the cytoplasm

• 2 types:
• phagoctosis (cell eating)
• pinocytosis (cell drinking)

a membrane-bound sac formed during endocytosis

cell eating - bringing in food

cell drinking - bringing in water

cell spitting - getting "rid of" stuff

the command center of a cell that contains almost all the genetic information

genes

the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

DNA and specialized proteins

an opening in a nuclear envelope that permits communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

a specilaized region within the nucleus that forms and disassembles during the corse of the cell cycle

the site where protein synthesis begins in a cell

protein factory

the network of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells

endoplasmic reticulum that is stubbed with ribosomes

it makes/modifies proteins

endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes.

makes/modifies lipids

functions in protein processing and packaging for movement

breaks stuff down in a cell

"digestion"

makes cellular energy (ATP)

cell support/ movement

a component of the cytoskeleton made from globular protein tubulin.

responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella and serve as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles

microtubules organizing center

a structure, found in pairs, within a centrosome.

each is composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

extensions of the plasma membrane found on some cells,

i.e. those lining the respiratory tract, that move in a back-and-forth motion

a whiplike appendage of a cell that moves in an undulating manner

composed of an extension of the plasma membrane containing microtubules in a 9+2 array

found on some cells i.e. sperm cells

• a component of the cytoskeleton made from globular
• protein actin.

forms contractile units in muscle cells and are responsible for amoeboid movement

a component of the cytoskeleton made from fibrous proteins. functions in the maintenance of cell shape and anchoring organelles i.e. the nucleus

the sum of all chemical reactions within the living cell

creates cellular energy (ATP) via the breakdown of glucose

glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

a material at the end of a chemical reaction

the material on which an enzyme works

• the splitting of glucose, a 6-carbon sugar, into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate.
• DOES NOT need Oxygen
• Requires 2 ATP
• Makes 4 ATP
• Net = 2 ATP
• Makes 2 NADH (electron shuttle)
• Makes 2 Pyruvate

takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and is the starting point of cell respiration and fermentation

the 3-carbon compound produced by glycolysis, which is the first phase of cellular respiration

completes the breakdown of glucose

• produces "per turn":
• - 2 CO₂
• - 1 ATP
• - 3 NADH
• - 1 FADH₂
• occurs in the mitochondrion and is AKA the Krebs cycle

Produced by glycolysis and the citric acid cyle. Takes NADH and FADH₂ and uses the electrons to make ATP

• NADH = 3 ATP
• FADH2 = 2 ATP

Electrons given to oxygen and hydrogen to make water

a pathway by which cells can harvest energy in the absence of oxygen

NO oxygen = to Electron Transport Chain (ETC) = NO CA (citric acid cycle)

created when NADH gives its electrons back to Pyruvate

AKA anaerobic respiration

NO oxygen

NADH gives electrons to a 2 carbon molecule