Bio Chp 23 Final Review

Lack of a protective ozone layer

the aquatic algae

• absorbing minerals
• conserving water
• reproducing on land

• absorbing minerals: formed a symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of plants
• conserving water: developed cuticle, made specialized pores called stomata
• reproducing on land: eggs surrounded by jackets of cells and sperm enclosed in pollen grain so as to not dry out

• Plants provide fungi with carbohydrates
• Fungi absorb phosphorus and other minerals needed for plants

Carbon dioxide to enter a plant and permit water vapor and oxygen gas to exit

• roots
• stems
• leaves

hard walled cells that transport water and dissolved minerals up from the roots

soft walled cells that conduct carbohydrates away from the leaves and stems

By adding new cells to the tips of the body called meristems

Ferns

A gametophyte generation

gymnosperms

• a very tiny male gametophyte (microgametophyte)
• a relatively large female gametophyte (megagametophyte)

The ovule and its contents become a seed

By wind, insects and other animals

Transportaion of pollen grains to a femal reproductive structure of a plant of the same species

A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to an ovule

trees that produce seeds and cones and are called conifers

The giant redwoods of coastal California and Oregon

bristlecone pine (more than 5,000 years old)

A sporophyte plant embryo surrounded by a protective coat

• The hard cover of a seed
• Protects the embryo and other tissues in the seed from drying out

• dispersal
• nourishment
• dormancy

• Dispersal: enable the offspring of plants to be dispersed to new locations to prevent the parent and ofspring from competing with each other
• Nourishment: abundant food stored in them as a source of energy for plant embryo
• Dormancy: wait till conditions are favorable (moisture is present)

Appendages such as wings to help wind, water or animals carry them

Angiosperms

90%

Reproductive organs of angiosperms

• Calyx
• Corolla
• Androecium
• Gynoecium

• Outermost whorl of a flower
• consists of sepals (modified leaves)
• protects a flower from physical damage while in bud

• the second whorl of a flower
• consists of petals (modified leaves)
• produces vividly colored pigments
• and/or fragrances to attract pollinators

• third whorl of a flower
• produces microgametophytes (pollen grains)
• made up of stamens consisting of thread like filaments
• topped by anther (pollen containing sac)

• fourth whorl
• has ovules in which megagametophytes devleop
• one or more pistils
• ovary
• style with swollen sticky tip (stigma)

Pllen tube emerges from each pollen grain and grows through the style and into the ovary

Odor then color and shape

Highly nutritious tissue (endosperm)

cotyledons (seed leaves)

• dicots: two cotyledons
• monocots: one cotyledon