-
What does the alveolar epithelium consist of?
D) all of these
-
What do Type 1 pneumocytes do?
create gas exchange
-
Function of type 2 pneumocytes
produce surfactant
-
______ defines the relationship between gas pressure and volume as P= 1/V
Boyle's law
-
_______ is the ability for the lungs to expand
compliance
-
Low compliance requires ______ force
A) greater
-
_____ is the amount of air moved in/out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle
Tidal volume
-
The most important respiratory muscle is
D) the diaphragm
-
______ is the volume of air remaining in conducting passages.
A) anatomic dead space
-
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, when pH drops, ____ oxygen is released
C) more
-
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, when temperature rises, ____ oxygen is released
A) more
-
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, when temperature drops, ____ oxygen is released
B) less
-
Which of the following does NOT stimulate inspiration?
C) low O2 levels
-
Carbon dioxode is mostly carried in the blood stream via
C) is converted and carried as carbonic acid
-
______ consists of waves of muscular contractions that move the bolus along the GI tract.
C) peristolsis
-
_________ is the cycle of contractions that mixes/churns the bolus; doesn't follow a set pattern.
B) segmentation
-
_________ is 99% water and is made up of mucous secretions (acts as buffer/lubricant), secretes enzymes (salivary amylase) and dissolves chemicals.
C) salivary glands
-
_____ secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid (HCL).
D) parietal cells
-
_____ secrete pepsinogen.
C) chief cells
-
_____ produce gastrin.
D) G cells
-
____ release somatostatin (inhibits release of gastrin)
D) D cells
-
_______ is a brush border enzyme that activates trypsinogen into trypsin, which then activates other enzymes.
C) enteropeptidase
-
______ produce intestinal hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin
B) enteroendocrine cells
-
______ is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch
C) pancreatic alpha-amylase
-
____________ breaks down complex lipids and releases products that are easily absorbed
D) pancreatic lipase
-
________ breaks down nucleic acids
A) nucleases
-
__________ can break apart certain proteins; secreted as inactive proenzymes then activated after reaching the SI.
D) proteolytic enzymes
-
Proteases break down _A_ proteins and peptidases break down _B_ peptides into amino acids.
A) large, small
-
______ increases secretion of bile and buffs.
A) secretin
-
______ accelerates pancreatic production/secretion of digestive enzymes.
B) CCK
-
______ relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter and gallbladder.
A) CCK
-
____ is secreted when fats and carbs enter the SI; inhibits gastric secretions in the stomach.
B) GIP
-
_____ is secreted by G cells in the duodenum
D) gastrin
-
______ increases stomach motility and stimulates acid/enzyme production.
A) gastrin
-
Which is NOT a function of the Large Intestine?
B) absorption of lactose
-
_____ is required by the liver for synthesizing clotting factors.
A) vitamin K
-
______ is important in glucose metabolism.
D) biotoin
-
____ is required in the manufacture of steriod hormones and some neurotransmitters (can get from the diet).
B) pantothenic acid
-
Enteropeptidase breaks down ____ into _____.
B) Trypsinogen into trypsin
-
The _____ contains all organic building blocks cell needs to provide energy and to create new cellular components.
D) nutrient pool
-
____ breaks down glucose in cytosol into smaller molecules used by mitochondria
D) glycolysis
-
The function of the TCA cycle (citric acid cycle) is:
A) to remove H atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes
-
____ enters the TCA cycle and produces the citric acid which starts the TCA cycle; more important part of the cycle.
C) Acetyl CoA
-
______ is the generation of ATP within the mitochondria at productes more than 90% of ATP used by the body.
C) oxidative phosporylation
-
____________ is the most important mechanism for generation of ATP
D) oxidative phosphorylation
-
_________ is the synthesis of glucose
C) gluconeogenesis
-
_______ is the formation of glycogen from glucose
D) glycogenesis
-
____ is the breakdown of glucogen to glucose
B) glycogenolysis
-
______ series of reactions that breaks down fatty acids, which leave a shorter carbon chain that becomes acetyl-coA
C) beta oxidation
-
Object loses heat energy as infrared radiation
D) radiation
-
Direct transfer of energy through physical contact
D) conduction
-
Results from conductive heat loss to air at body surfaces
A) convection
-
Absorbs energy, cools surface where evaporation occurs
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