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electrocauterization
buring or destruction of tissue using electrical heat
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carcinoma in situ
localized tumor growth; confined to the site of origin. cancer of the cervix may begin as carcinoma in situ
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carcin / o
cancer, cancerous
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cachexia
general ill health and malnutrition associated with chronic, severe disease
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alveolar
pertaining to a tumor growth and small microscopic sacs. commonly found in tumors of muscle, bone, fat,and cartilage
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chemotherapy
treatment using drugs
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cryosurgery
surgery using extreme cold
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cystic tumor
tumor with large open spaces filled with fluid (visible with the naked eye). most common site are the ovaries
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fibrosarcoma
malignant tumor of fiber producing cells
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follicul / o
small glandular sacs
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follicular
pertaining to a tumor growth and small glandular sacs
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fung / i
fungus, mushroom
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fungating tumor
tumor growth in a mushrooming pattern
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medull / o
soft, inner part
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medullary tumor
large, soft, fleshy tumor. Thyroid and breast tumors may be meduallay
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mucos / o
mucous membrane
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mucositis
inflammation of the mucous membrane [side effect]
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mutation
PROCESS of genetic change
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mutagen / o
causing genetic change
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mutagenic
pertaining to CAUSING genetic change
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necrotic
pertaining to death (individual cells or tissue).
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papillary
pertaining to a tumor growth and small finger (nipple) - like patterns
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pharmac / o
chemical drug
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pharmacokinetics
pertaining to the movement of drugs through the body
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dysplastic
pertaining to an abnormal growth of cells; not yet cancer. nevi (moles)
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pleomorphic
pertaining to tumors composed of a variety of cell types. mix-celled tumors
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polypoid tumor
tumors that grow in projections from a base
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protocol
a written plan of treatment
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radiation
use of radioactive subsatances in the diagnoses and treatment of disease
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sarc / o
flesh, connective tissue
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osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of bone
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scirrhous
pertaining to a hard, densly packed tumor. commonly found in breast or stomach cancers
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xerostomia
condition of dry mouth [side effect]
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retinoblastoma
malignant tumor of the retina (congenital)
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neuroblastoma
malignant tumor of embryonic nerve tissue
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angiogenesis
formation of blood vessels
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adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of glandular tissue
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-plasia
formation, growth
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hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells
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myelosuppression
inhibition of bone marrow
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radiotherapy
treatment using radiation or radioactive substances
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anaplasia
reversion of cells to a more embryonic state
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apoptosis
programed cell death
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brachy -
short (distance)
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brachytherapy
radiation delivered in close range to tumors origin
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epidermoid
resembling epidermal tissue
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metastasis
spread of a malignant tumor beyond the site of origin (to a secondary site)
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metaplasia
abnormal trasformation of adult differentiated cells to a different tissue of another kind
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teletherapy
radiation is delivered at a distance to the tumor
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fluoroscopy
projection of a x-ray on a fluorescent screen
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radioisotope
radioactive form of an element
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radiopharmaceutical
pertaining to the combination of a radioisotope and drug
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radiographer
one who records x-rays
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radiology
study of x-rays
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hysterosonogram
record of the uterus using soundwaves
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therapeutic
pertaining to treatment
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in vitro
experiment preformed in a test tube
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in vivo
experiment preformed in a body
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angiogram
x-ray record of blood vessels
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-graphy
process of recording
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hysterosalpingogram
x-ray record of the uterus and fallopian tubes
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pyelogram
x-ray record of the renal pelvis
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computed tomography
process of recording x-rays in a cross-sectional view with the aid of a computer
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radiolucent
permits the passage of x-rays {lungs}
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radiopaque
obscure the passage of x-rays {bones}
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echocardiography
process of recodring images of the heart using sound waves
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ultrasonography
process of recording images of the body using soundwaves
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2 types of tumors (neoplasms)
Benign, Malignant
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characteristics of benign tumors
- 1. grow slowly
- 2. encapsulated (contained within a fibrous capsule or cover)and noninvasive
- 3. composed of organized and specialized (differentiated) cells that closely resemble the normal, mature tissue from which they are derived.
- 4. do not spread; nonmetastatic
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characteristics of malignant tumors
- 1. multiply rapidly
- 2. invasive and infiltrative
- 3. lack orderly arrangement. Undifferentiated and anaplastic.
- 4.detaches from primary site, penetrates blood or lymphatic vessels, travels through bloodstream, establishes a new site at a distance tissue; metastatic
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Two functions of DNA
- 1. Mitosis - process of cell division
- 2. Protein Synthesis - creating new proteins for cellular growth
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carcinogens
agents that cause cancer; chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses
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oncogenes
pieces of normal DNA
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histogenesis
identifying the particular type of tissue from which the tumor cells arise.
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3 classifications of cancerous tumors
- 1. carcinomas
- 2. sarcomas
- 3. mixed-tissue tumors
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carcinomas
the largest group, solid tumors that are derived from EPITHELIAL tissue that lines external and internal body surfaces.
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sarcomas
Malignant tumors, derived from CONNECTIVE tissue such as bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, and bone marrow
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Mix-tissue tumors
derived from tissue that is capable of differentiation into both epithelial and connective tissue.
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diffuse
spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue.. malignant lymphomas
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undifferentiated
lacking microscopic structures typical of normal cells
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Grading
- apperance of the tumor cells.
- 1. very well-differentiation
- 2&3. intermediate in apperance
- 4. undifferentiated of anaplastic
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Staging
- extent of spread of the tumor
- T. specifies the size and degree of local extension
- N. number of regional lymph node that have been invaded
- M. specifies the presence of absence of metastases
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Four major approaches to cancer treatment
- 1. surgery
- 2. radiation
- 3. chemotherapy
- 4. biological therapy
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core needle biopsy
palcement of a large-bone needle that extracts a thin core of tissue
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excisional biopsy
removal of tumor and margin of normal tissue
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fine needle aspiration
placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extracting cells for microscopic evaluation
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incisional biopsy
piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis.
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goal of radiation therapy (RT)
to deliver a maximal dose of ionizing radiation to the tumor tissue and a minimal dose to the surrounding normal tissue
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radiocurable tumor
tumor that can be completely eradicated by radiation therapy. usually no evidence of metastasis; lymphomas and Hodgkin disease
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radioresistant tumor
tumor that requires large doses of radiation to produce death cells. melanoma and renal carcinoma
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radiosensitive tumor
tumor in which irradiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue(morbidity). hematipoietic (blood-forming) and lymphatic origins
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side effects of radiotherapy
- alopecia (baldness)
- fibrosis (increase in connective tissue)
- mucositis (Inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes)
- myelosuppression (bone marrow depression)
- nausea and vomiting
- pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs)
- xerostomia (dryness of mouth)
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biological therapy
uses the body's own defenses to fight tumor cells
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TNM
tumor, nodes, metastases
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staging laparotomy
wide incision of the abdomen to detect disease
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PACS
picture archival and communications system (replacement of traditional films with digital equivalents that can be accessed from several places and retrieved more rapidly)
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radiology is also called..
roentgenology
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UGI
upper gastrointestinal (series)
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nuclear medicine
specialty that uses radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
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radiologist
physician who specializes in the practice of diagnostic radiology
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nuclear medicine physician
specializes in diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures
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radiologic technologists
allied health care professionals who work with physicains
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radiographers
aid physicians in administering diagnostic x-ray procedures
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nuclear medicine technologists
attend to patients undergoing nuclear medicine procedures and opperate devices under the direction of the physician
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sonographers
aid physicians in preforming ultrasounds
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characteristics of xrays
- 1. ability to cause exposure of a photographic plate
- 2. ablitty to penetrate different substances to varying degrees
- 3. invisibility (film badge)
- 4. travel in straight lines
- 5. scattering of x-rays
- 6. ionization
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mammography
low-dose x-rays to visualize breast tissue
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contrast studies
visualizes body structures better
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barium sulfate
radiopaque medium that is mixed in water and used for examination of the upper and lower GI tract.
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double-contrast study
uses both radiopaque and radiolucent contrast medium
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iodine compounds
radiopaque fluids containing up to 50% iodine
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cholangiography
x-ray imaging after injection of contrast into bile ducts
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digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
x-ray image of contrast-injected blood vessels is produced by taking two x-ray pictures and using a computer to subtract obscuring shadows from the second image
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hysterosalpingography
x-ray record of the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes is obtained after injection of contrast material through the vagina and into the endocervical canal
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myelography
x-ray imaging of the spinal cord after injection of contrast agent into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord
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*digital imaging techniques can be used to enhance conventional and fluoroscopic x-ray images
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interventional radiology
therapeutic or diagnostic procedures preformed by a radiologist.
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ultrasonography
high frequency inaudible sound waves that bouce off body tissues and are the recorded to give information about the anatomy of an internal organ
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doppler ultrasound
record of blood flow velocity
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color flow imaging
record of blood flow velocity
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x-ray positioning
- 1. posteroanterior (PA) view - posterior to anterior.
- 2. anteroposterior (AP) view - anterior to posterior
- 3. lateral - one armpit to the other
- 4. oblique - slanting direction at an angle from the perpendicular plane (/)
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radionuclide
substance that gives off high-energy particles or rays as it disintergrates
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uptake
rate of absorption of the radiopharmaceutical into an organ or tissue
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