HMIT 210

• •Differentiate physiology and pathophysiology
• •Examine etiology of disease and its implications
• •Examine outcomes of different pathological conditions; effects on quality of life
• •Evaluate potential pharmacological treatments
• •Differentiate pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• •Differentiate
• side effect from adverse reaction
• •Explain routes of administration
• •Identify drug classifications and categories
• •Differentiate between drug trade, generic, chemical names
• •Understand drug safety regulations
• •Demonstrate ability to use drug reference materials

• •The study of physiological
• processes leading to disease

• •The study of chemicals or drugs on living tissue
• •Chemicals or drugs help to
• diagnose, treat, cure, prevent disease or correct the pathophysiology of living
• tissues

8

• •Zelman M et al. (2010) Human Diseases A Systemic Approach, 7th
• •Kamienski M and Keogh J (2006) Pharmacology
• demystified, NY

400

• (AKA steady state)
• •A system in which a particular variable is not changing but energy must be continuously added to maintain this variable constant
• •A state of equilibrium

•A state of disequilibrium

•A state of disequilibrium

•The medical science that examines the essential nature of disease, especially changes of structure and function in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease

•The study of physiological processes leading to disease

• Signs
• Symptoms
• Syndromes
• Diagnosis
• Physical exam

• Blood Preasure
• Temapature
• Palpation
• Heart (pulse)rate
• Lung sounds
• Reflex

•For visualizing structural and functional changes

• •Examples
• •Computer tomography (CT) scans
• •Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• •Ultrasound
• •Nuclear medicine
• •Biopsy

• Prognosis
• Remission
• Exacerbation
• Relapse
• Complication
• Sequela
• Mortality
• Morbidity
• Prevalence
• Incidence
• Eqpidemology

• •Predicted course and outcome of the diseaseAcute
• chronic Terminal

•eg., influenza, measles, common cold

•diabetes, heart disease, cancer, osteoarthritis

•Signs and symptoms of a disease subside

• •Reoccurrence
• of symptoms

• •When
• disease returns weeks or months after apparent cessation

•Eg., leukemia, ulcerative colitis

• •A
• secondary disease as a result of a primary disease

•Pathological condition resulting from disease, injury, or trauma

• •A
• measure of the number of deaths attributed to a disease

•The rate of incidence of disease

•The number of cases of a disease occurring at a given time in a specified population

•The number of new cases of a disease occurring at a given time in a specified population

•The study of the occurrence ,transmission, distribution, and control of disease

•The source or cause of disease together with its development

• •Root cause of disease
• •Damaged gene or enzyme, abnormal cells, tissues, or organs

• Inflamation/autoimmunity/allergey
• Infectin
• Neoplasm
• Heredity
• Malutrition
• Stress

• •Disease where cause is known
• •Procedures that cure or reduce symptoms of disease
• •Surgery
• •Pharmacological agents
• •Disease where cause is unknown
• •Palliative or symptomatic

• •Usually involves ingesting plant or part of plant
• •To determine if plant or its parts have palliative effect on symptoms of an ailment
• •Usedto treat common ailments such as
• •Acne
• •Bladder infection
• •Candida
• •Diabetes
• •Ear infection

• •Lack of manufacturing standards and regulatory oversight
• •Drug-herbal therapy interaction
• •Route of administration

• •Herbs are not typically prescribed
• •Few pharmacy schools offer courses in botanical remedies
• •Pharmaceutical courses focus more on misuse of herbal therapies than proper use
• •Herbal therapies cannot be patented
• •Not regulated by FDA
• •In USA, not covered by health insurance

• •In
• 1992, US Congress instructed National Institute of Health to develop an office
• of alternative medicine

• •National
• Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM, nccam.nih.gov)

• •To support research studies of
• alternative therapies including herbals