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core body temperature reference range?
36.8-37.2
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methods of taking core body temperature in order of accuracy?
rectal, tympanic membrane (eardrum), sublingual, axillary
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hyperthermia threshold and causes
>37.3; drugs, fever, exercise, heat stroke, hyperthyroidism
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what is a common type of medication that can cause hyperthermia?
anaesthesia
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hypothermia threshold and causes
<35; dehydration, burns, coldness, severe loss of blood (shock), hypothyroidism
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explain the mechanism of action of how burns can cause deviation from normal core body temperature
burns which result in the loss of skin, which acts as a heat conservation mechanism, causes undue dissipation of heat and therefore can lead to hypothermia
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pulse/heart rate reference range and character
60-100bpm; rate, strength, rhythm
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bradycardia threshold and causes
<60bpm; sleep, athletic build, infection, hypothyroidism, heart block, drugs
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infections causing bradycardia
only two: typhoid (bacterial) and leptospirosis (muscle weakness spreading via rat urine especially in flooded regions)
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drugs causing bradycardia
diazepam (causing heart block), alcohol, morphine
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tachycardia threshold and causes
>100bpm; exercise, obesity leading to heart problems, stress/anxiety, shock, infection, drugs
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basic mechanism of arrhythmia
SA node fires too fast while AV node continues to regulate the contractions without ventricular filling leading to bursts of activity followed by relaxation
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respiratory rate reference
12-16bpm
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what must you be careful of when measuring respiratory rate
patient's conscious control of breathing must be eliminated by measuring both pulse and respiration simultaneously
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bradyopnoea threshold and causes
<8bpm; sleep, drgus, poisoning
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name some substances that cause bradyopnea
marjuauna, morphine, diazepam, CO
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tachapnea threshold and causes
>18bpm; asthma, exercise, stress/anxiety, hypoxic environment
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components of observation
demeanour and complexion
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components of demeanour
gait, mood, posture, level of distress, alertness/energy levels/consciousness, facial expression, level of grooming, age
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what can level of grooming of a patient indicate
care for self, hygiene and congruence with the environment
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types of complexion
palour, flushed, jaundice, cyanosis
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how do you examine for palour and what can it indicate
regardless of skin colour, lower eye sheath or conjunctiva gives good indication of potential anemia, anxiety, cold or shock
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what may flushed complexion indicate in a patient
recent exercise, overheating, anxiety
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what is the other name for jaundice and how do you examine for it
icterus can be confirmed in the white of the eye or sclera regardless of skin colour
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what may jaundice indicate in a patient
liver problems, gall bladder stones, RBC destruction producing excess bilirubin from sickle-cell anemia or thalassemia
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where are the best places to examine for cyanosis
tongue and lips centrally and peripheral limbs and digits
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what may cyanosis indicate in a patient
reduced oxygen due to respiratory or CVS conditions such as arterial blockages or reduced blood supply or simply coldness
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